Ancestral Trails 2016 » James Francis Edward STEWART (1688-1766)

Persoonlijke gegevens James Francis Edward STEWART 

• Hij is geboren op 10 juni 1688 in St James Palace, St James, Westminster, Middlesex.
• Titel: Prince of Wales
• (Ancestry) : House of Stuart.
• (Nickname) : The Old Pretender.
• Hij is overleden op 1 januari 1766 in Palazzo Muti, Rome, Lazio, Italy, hij was toen 77 jaar oud.
• Hij is begraven januari 1766 in St Peter's Basilica, Rome, Lazio, Italy.
• Een kind van James II STEWART en Maria Beatrice Anna Margherita Isabella d'ESTE

Gezin van James Francis Edward STEWART

Hij is getrouwd met Marie Clementina SOBIEWSKI.

Zij zijn getrouwd op 28 mei 1719 te Episcopal palace, Montefiascone, Viterbo, Italy, hij was toen 30 jaar oud.

Kind(eren):

1. Charles Edward Louis Philip John Casimir STEWART  1720-1788
2. Henry Benedict Maria Clement Thomas Francis Xavier STEWART  -1807

Notities over James Francis Edward STEWART

James Francis Edward, Prince of Wales (10 June 1688 - 1 January 1766), nicknamed the Old Pretender, was the son of King James II and VII, the monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland, and his second wife Mary of Modena. His Catholic father was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 only months after his birth, and his Protestant older half-sister Mary II and her husband William III of Orange became king and queen. The Bill of Rights 1689 and Act of Succession 1701 excluded Catholics from the British throne, and James was raised in exile.

After his father's death in 1701, James claimed the English, Scottish and Irish thrones as James III of England and Ireland and James VIII of Scotland, in which he was supported by his Jacobite followers and his cousin Louis XIV of France. In 1715, he unsuccessfully attempted to gain power in Britain during the Jacobite Rising of 1715.

Following his death in 1766, his oldest son Charles Edward Stuart continued to make these claims pursuant to the Jacobite Succession.

James Francis Edward was born 10 June 1688, at St. James's Palace. He was the son of King James II of England and Ireland (VII of Scotland) and his Roman Catholic second wife, Mary of Modena, and, as such, was automatically Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay, among other titles.

The prince's birth was controversial and, coming five years after James's marriage, unanticipated on the part of a number of British Protestants, who had expected his daughter Mary, from his first marriage, to succeed her father. Mary and her younger sister Princess Anne had been raised as Protestants. As long as there was a possibility of one of them succeeding him, the king's opponents saw his rule as a temporary inconvenience. When people began to fear that James's second wife, Mary, would produce a Catholic son and heir, a movement grew to replace him with his elder daughter Princess Mary and his son-in-law/nephew, William of Orange.

When the young prince was born, rumours immediately began to spread that he was an impostor baby, smuggled into the royal birth chamber in a warming pan and that the true child of James and Mary was stillborn. In an attempt to scotch this myth, James published the testimonies of over seventy witnesses to the birth.

On 9 December, in the midst of the Glorious Revolution, Mary of Modena disguised herself as a laundress and escaped with the infant James to France. Young James was brought up at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, which Louis XIV had turned over to the exiled James II. Both the ex-king and his family were held in great consideration by the French king, and they were frequent visitors at Versailles where Louis XIV and his court treated them as ruling monarchs. In June 1692 his sister Louisa Maria was born.

His military education was overseen by Richard Hamilton and Dominic Sheldon, two veterans of his father's old Irish Army.

Struggle for the throne
On his father's death in 1701, James was recognised by King Louis XIV of France as the rightful heir to the English and Scottish thrones. Spain, the Papal States, and Modena also recognized him as King James III of England and VIII of Scotland and refused to recognise William III, Mary II, or Anne as legitimate sovereigns. As a result of his claiming his father's lost thrones, James was attainted for treason in London on 2 March 1702, and his titles were forfeited under English law.

Early attempts
Though delayed in France by an attack of measles, James attempted invasion (an episode in the Jacobite rising), trying to land at the Firth of Forth on 23 March 1708. The fleet of Admiral Sir George Byng intercepted the French ships, which, combined with bad weather, prevented a landing.

James served for a time in the French army, as his father had done during the interregnum. Between August and September 1710, Queen Anne appointed a new Tory administration led by Robert Harley, who entered into a secret correspondence with de Torcy, the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, in which he claimed to desire James's restoration to the throne should James convert to Protestantism.[4] A year later, however, the British government pushed for James's expulsion from France as a precondition for a peace treaty with France. In accordance with the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), Harley and Lord Bolingbroke, the Secretary of State, colluded with the French in exiling James to the Duchy of Lorraine.

Queen Anne became severely ill at Christmas 1713 and seemed close to death. In January 1714, she recovered but clearly had not much longer to live. Through de Torcy and his London agent, Abbé François Gaultier, Harley kept up the correspondence with James, and Bolingbroke had also entered into a separate correspondence with him. They both stated to James that his conversion to Protestantism would facilitate his restoration. However, James, a devout Catholic, replied to Torcy: "I have chosen my own course, therefore it is for others to change their sentiments". In March came James's refusal to convert, following which Harley and Bolingbroke reached the opinion that James's restoration was not feasible, though they maintained their correspondence with him.

As a result, in August 1714, James's second cousin, the Elector of Hanover, George of Hanover, a German-speaking Protestant, became king of the recently created Kingdom of Great Britain as George I. James attacked the new King, noting "we have beheld a foreign family, aliens to our country, distant in blood, and strangers even to our language, ascend the throne". Following George's coronation in October 1714, major riots broke out in provincial England.

The Fifteen
In the following year Scottish Jacobites started "The 'Fifteen" Jacobite rising in Scotland, aimed at putting "James III and VIII" on the throne. On 22 December 1715, James reached Scotland after the Jacobite defeats at the Battle of Sheriffmuir (13 November 1715) and Preston. He landed at Peterhead and soon fell ill with fever, his illness made more severe by the icy Scottish winter. In January 1716, he set up court at Scone Palace, but learning of the approach of government forces, returned to France, sailing from Montrose on 5 February 1716. The abandonment of his rebel allies caused ill-feeling against him in Scotland; nor was he welcomed on his return to France. His patron, Louis XIV, had died on 1 September 1715, and the French government found him a political embarrassment.

Court in exile
After the unsuccessful invasion of 1715, James lived at Avignon, then Papal territory. Pope Clement XI offered James the Palazzo del Re in Rome as his residence, which he accepted. Pope Innocent XIII, like his predecessor, showed much support. Thanks to his friend Cardinal Filippo Antonio Gualterio, James was granted a life annuity of eight thousand Roman scudi. Such help enabled him to organise a Jacobite court at Rome, where, although he lived in splendour, he continued to suffer from fits of melancholy and depression.

Further efforts to restore the Stuarts to the British throne were planned. In 1719 a major expedition left Spain but was forced to turn back due to weather. A small landing took place in the Scottish Highlands, but the Jacobite rising of 1719 was defeated at the Battle of Glen Shiel. James had gone to Spain in the hope he could take part in the invasion, but following its abandonment was forced to return to Italy. A further attempt was planned in 1722, but following the exposure of the Atterbury Plot it came to nothing.

In exercise of his pretended position, James purported to create titles of nobility, now referred to as Jacobite Peerages, for his English supporters and members of his court, which, of course, were not recognised in England.

The Court in Exile became a popular stop for English travelers making a Grand Tour, regardless of political affiliation. For many, it functioned as an unofficial embassy. Those in need of medical attention preferred being treated by one of their own countrymen. In 1735, court physicians tended to Edmund Sheffield, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Normanby and to James Boswell thirty years later. The court wine steward operated a lucrative business in selling rare vintages to visitors. After the Bourbons seized Naples in 1734, an appropriate introduction was essential for anyone wishing entry to an important concert or salon.

James remained well-treated in Rome until his death. He was allowed to hold Protestant services at Court, and was given land where his Protestant subjects could receive a public burial. Security was provided to discourage British spies.

Marriage and progeny
Louise Adélaïde d'Orléans (Mademoiselle d'Orléans), daughter of Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, was at one time suggested as a wife for James Francis Edward Stuart, but nothing came of it.

On 3 September 1719, James Francis Edward Stuart married Maria Clementina Sobieska (1702-1735), granddaughter of King John III Sobieski of Poland. The wedding was held in the chapel of the Episcopal Palace in Montefiascone, near Viterbo. By his wife he had two sons:

Charles Edward Stuart (31 December 1720 - 31 January 1788), nicknamed "Bonnie Prince Charlie"
Henry Benedict Stuart (11 March 1725 - 13 July 1807), a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church

Bonnie Prince Charlie
Following James's failure, attention turned to his son Charles, "the Young Pretender", who led a doomed rebellion in 1745. With the failure of this second rebellion, the Stuart hopes of regaining the British throne were effectively destroyed.[citation needed] James and Charles later clashed repeatedly, and relations between them broke down completely when James played a role in the election of his son Henry as a cardinal (whose celibacy required that Henry would not have any legitimate children and thus could not carry on the line of succession), infuriating Charles, who had not been consulted.

In 1759, the French government briefly considered a scheme to have James crowned King of Ireland as part of their plans to invade Britain, but the offer was never formally made to James. Several separate plans also involved Charles being given control of a French-backed independent Ireland.

Death
James died in Rome on 1 January 1766 in his home, the Palazzo Muti, and was buried in the crypt of St. Peter's Basilica in present-day Vatican City. His burial is marked by the Monument to the Royal Stuarts. His claimed reign had lasted for 64 years, 3 months and 16 days, longer than any legitimate British monarch until Queen Elizabeth II's reign surpassed it on 23 May 2016
SOURCE: Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart

Name: James Francis Stuart
Father: James II
Mother: Mary of Modena
Born: June 10, 1688 at St James Palace, London
Married: Maria Sobiewski, on May 28, 1719
Children: One son Charles Edward Stuart and one illegitimate son Henry
Died: January 1, 1766 at Rome, aged 77 years, 6 months, and 21 days
Buried at: St Peters, Rome

Son of James II and his Catholic second wife Mary of Modena. James Francis’ birth in 1688 was controversial as it raised the prospect of succession of a Catholic king. A rumour was started by James’ detractors that the baby was a substitute introduced in a warming pan. James II was unpopular and the birth precipitated his fall when William of Orange, who had married Mary James’ daughter by his first wife Anne Hyde, was invited to take the throne the ‘Glorious Revolution’ of 1688. James abdicated a few months later when his forces faced defeat by William, and he, his wife Mary of Modena and baby son James fled to France.

James was raised in France and on the death of his father in 1701 declared himself James III as the rightful heir to the English throne and James VII to the Scottish throne. He was recognised by the French King Louis XIV, and became the focus for the Jacobite movement to regain the thrones. In 1708 he attempted to land with French ships in the Firth of Forth in Scotland but was driven back by the English under Admiral Byng.

His two Protestant half sisters, Mary and Anne, had both become Queen, and when Anne died in 1714 he could have renounced his Catholicism and become king but he refused leaving the throne to the Hanoverian George I. In 1715 the Scottish Jacobites started an uprising and James set foot on Scottish soil spending 6 weeks cold and disconsolate in an alien land. The Battle of Sheriffmuir was indecisive and James decided to return to France disappointed by his lack of support. He became a political embarrassment, as the Scots were unimpressed and his patron Louis XIV had died, so James spent the rest of his life in exile.

He became known as ‘The Old Pretender’ after he married Maria Sobieski in 1719 and had one son Charles Edward Stuart ‘The Young Pretender’. Maria left him after 5 years, and James had an illegitimate son Henry Benedict Stuart. Pope Clement offered James the use of a Palace in Rome where he went to live. He lived through his son’s more spectacular attempt to regain the throne in 1745 before he died rejected in Rome in 1766.
SOURCE: http://www.britroyals.com/stuart.asp?id=jamesfrancis

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