Ancestral Trails 2016 » JOHN I LACKLAND PLANTAGENET (1167-1216)

Persoonlijke gegevens JOHN I LACKLAND PLANTAGENET 

• Hij is geboren op 24 december 1167 in Beaumont Palace, Oxford, Oxfordshire.
• Titel: King of England 1199-1216
• (Alternative Name) : John Lackland.
• (Ancestry) : House of Plantagenet/Angevin.
• Hij is overleden op 19 oktober 1216 in Newark Castle, Nottinghamshire, hij was toen 48 jaar oud.
• Hij is begraven oktober 1216 in Worcester Cathedral, Worcestershire.
• Een kind van HENRY II OF ENGLAND en ELEANOR d'AQUITAINE

Gezin van JOHN I LACKLAND PLANTAGENET

(1) Hij is getrouwd met ISABELLA d'ANGOULEME.

Zij zijn getrouwd op 24 augustus 1200 te Bordeaux, Gironde, Aquitaine, France, hij was toen 32 jaar oud.

Kind(eren):

1. Richard of CORNWALL  -1272 
2. Joan PLANTAGENET  1210-????
3. Eleanor PLANTAGENET  1215-1275 
4. HENRY III OF ENGLAND  1207-1272 
5. Isabella PLANTAGENET  1214-1231

• Het echtpaar heeft gemeenschappelijke voorouders.



(2) Hij is getrouwd met Isabel of GLOUCESTER.

Zij zijn getrouwd op 29 augustus 1189 te Marlborough Castle, Marlborough, Wiltshire, hij was toen 21 jaar oud.

Zij zijn getrouwd op 29 augustus 1189 te Marlborough Castle, Marlborough, Wiltshire, hij was toen 21 jaar oud.
• Het echtpaar heeft gemeenschappelijke voorouders.



(3) Hij heeft/had een relatie met ADELA de WARENNE.




Kind(eren):

1. RICHARD FITZROY  1186-1246 


• Het echtpaar heeft gemeenschappelijke voorouders.



(4) Hij heeft/had een relatie met Agatha FERRERS.

• Het echtpaar heeft gemeenschappelijke voorouders.



(5) Hij heeft/had een relatie met CLEMENCE PINEL.




Kind(eren):

1. JOAN PLANTAGENET  1190-???? 




(6) Hij heeft/had een relatie met Alicia de SAVOY.

• Het echtpaar heeft gemeenschappelijke voorouders.



Notities over JOHN I LACKLAND PLANTAGENET

John (24 December 1166 - 19 October 1216), also known as John Lackland (Norman French: Johan sanz Terre), was King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death in 1216. John lost the Duchy of Normandy to King Philip II of France, resulting in the collapse of most of the Angevin Empire and contributing to the subsequent growth in power of the Capetian dynasty during the 13th century. The baronial revolt at the end of John's reign led to the sealing of Magna Carta, a document sometimes considered an early step in the evolution of the constitution of the United Kingdom.

John, the youngest of five sons of King Henry II of England and Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine, was at first not expected to inherit significant lands. Following the failed rebellion of his elder brothers between 1173 and 1174, however, John became Henry's favourite child. He was appointed the Lord of Ireland in 1177 and given lands in England and on the continent. John's elder brothers William, Henry and Geoffrey died young; by the time Richard I became king in 1189, John was a potential heir to the throne. John unsuccessfully attempted a rebellion against Richard's royal administrators whilst his brother was participating in the Third Crusade. Despite this, after Richard died in 1199, John was proclaimed King of England, and came to an agreement with Philip II of France to recognise John's possession of the continental Angevin lands at the peace treaty of Le Goulet in 1200.

When war with France broke out again in 1202, John achieved early victories, but shortages of military resources and his treatment of Norman, Breton, and Anjou nobles resulted in the collapse of his empire in northern France in 1204. John spent much of the next decade attempting to regain these lands, raising huge revenues, reforming his armed forces and rebuilding continental alliances. John's judicial reforms had a lasting impact on the English common law system, as well as providing an additional source of revenue. An argument with Pope Innocent III led to John's excommunication in 1209, a dispute finally settled by the king in 1213. John's attempt to defeat Philip in 1214 failed due to the French victory over John's allies at the battle of Bouvines. When he returned to England, John faced a rebellion by many of his barons, who were unhappy with his fiscal policies and his treatment of many of England's most powerful nobles. Although both John and the barons agreed to the Magna Carta peace treaty in 1215, neither side complied with its conditions. Civil war broke out shortly afterwards, with the barons aided by Louis of France. It soon descended into a stalemate. John died of dysentery contracted whilst on campaign in eastern England during late 1216; supporters of his son Henry III went on to achieve victory over Louis and the rebel barons the following year.

Contemporary chroniclers were mostly critical of John's performance as king, and his reign has since been the subject of significant debate and periodic revision by historians from the 16th century onwards. Historian Jim Bradbury has summarised the current historical opinion of John's positive qualities, observing that John is today usually considered a "hard-working administrator, an able man, an able general". Nonetheless, modern historians agree that he also had many faults as king, including what historian Ralph Turner describes as "distasteful, even dangerous personality traits", such as pettiness, spitefulness, and cruelty. These negative qualities provided extensive material for fiction writers in the Victorian era, and John remains a recurring character within Western popular culture, primarily as a villain in films and stories depicting the Robin Hood legends.

Personal life
John's personal life greatly affected his reign. Contemporary chroniclers state that John was sinfully lustful and lacking in piety. It was common for kings and nobles of the period to keep mistresses, but chroniclers complained that John's mistresses were married noblewomen, which was considered unacceptable. John had at least five children with mistresses during his first marriage to Isabelle of Gloucester, and two of those mistresses are known to have been noblewomen. John's behaviour after his second marriage to Isabella of Angoulême is less clear, however. None of John's known illegitimate children were born after he remarried, and there is no actual documentary proof of adultery after that point, although John certainly had female friends amongst the court throughout the period. The specific accusations made against John during the baronial revolts are now generally considered to have been invented for the purposes of justifying the revolt; nonetheless, most of John's contemporaries seem to have held a poor opinion of his sexual behaviour.

The character of John's relationship with his second wife, Isabella of Angoulême, is unclear. John married Isabella whilst she was relatively young - her exact date of birth is uncertain, and estimates place her between at most 15 and more probably towards nine years old at the time of her marriage. Even by the standards of the time, Isabella was married whilst very young. John did not provide a great deal of money for his wife's household and did not pass on much of the revenue from her lands, to the extent that historian Nicholas Vincent has described him as being "downright mean" towards Isabella. Vincent concluded that the marriage was not a particularly "amicable" one. Other aspects of their marriage suggest a closer, more positive relationship. Chroniclers recorded that John had a "mad infatuation" with Isabella, and certainly John had conjugal relationships with Isabella between at least 1207 and 1215; they had five children. In contrast to Vincent, historian William Chester Jordan concludes that the pair were a "companionable couple" who had a successful marriage by the standards of the day.

John's lack of religious conviction has been noted by contemporary chroniclers and later historians, with some suspecting that John was at best impious, or even atheistic, a very serious issue at the time. Contemporary chroniclers catalogued his various anti-religious habits at length, including his failure to take communion, his blasphemous remarks, and his witty but scandalous jokes about church doctrine, including jokes about the implausibility of the Resurrection. They commented on the paucity of John's charitable donations to the church. Historian Frank McLynn argues that John's early years at Fontevrault, combined with his relatively advanced education, may have turned him against the church. Other historians have been more cautious in interpreting this material, noting that chroniclers also reported John's personal interest in the life of St Wulfstan of Worcester and his friendships with several senior clerics, most especially with Hugh of Lincoln, who was later declared a saint. Financial records show a normal royal household engaged in the usual feasts and pious observances - albeit with many records showing John's offerings to the poor to atone for routinely breaking church rules and guidance. The historian Lewis Warren has argued that the chronicler accounts were subject to considerable bias and the King was "at least conventionally devout," citing his pilgrimages and interest in religious scripture and commentaries.

Death
In September 1216 John began a fresh, vigorous attack. He marched from the Cotswolds, feigned an offensive to relieve the besieged Windsor Castle, and attacked eastwards around London to Cambridge to separate the rebel-held areas of Lincolnshire and East Anglia. From there he travelled north to relieve the rebel siege at Lincoln and back east to King's Lynn, probably to order further supplies from the continent. In King's Lynn, John contracted dysentery, which would ultimately prove fatal. Meanwhile, Alexander II invaded northern England again, taking Carlisle in August and then marching south to give homage to Prince Louis for his English possessions; John narrowly missed intercepting Alexander along the way. Tensions between Louis and the English barons began to increase, prompting a wave of desertions, including William Marshal's son William and William Longespée, who both returned to John's faction.

The king returned west but is said to have lost a significant part of his baggage train along the way. Roger of Wendover provides the most graphic account of this, suggesting that the king's belongings, including the Crown Jewels, were lost as he crossed one of the tidal estuaries which empties into the Wash, being sucked in by quicksand and whirlpools. Accounts of the incident vary considerably between the various chroniclers and the exact location of the incident has never been confirmed; the losses may have involved only a few of his pack-horses. Modern historians assert that by October 1216 John faced a "stalemate", "a military situation uncompromised by defeat".

John's illness grew worse and by the time he reached Newark Castle he was unable to travel any farther; John died on the night of 18/19 October. Numerous - probably fictitious - accounts circulated soon after his death that he had been killed by poisoned ale, poisoned plums or a "surfeit of peaches". His body was escorted south by a company of mercenaries and he was buried in Worcester Cathedral in front of the altar of St Wulfstan. A new sarcophagus with an effigy was made for him in 1232, in which his remains now rest.

Legacy
In the aftermath of John's death William Marshal was declared the protector of the nine-year-old Henry III. The civil war continued until royalist victories at the battles of Lincoln and Dover in 1217. Louis gave up his claim to the English throne and signed the Treaty of Lambeth. The failed Magna Carta agreement was resuscitated by Marshal's administration and reissued in an edited form in 1217 as a basis for future government. Henry III continued his attempts to reclaim Normandy and Anjou until 1259, but John's continental losses and the consequent growth of Capetian power in the 13th century proved to mark a "turning point in European history".

John's first wife, Isabel, Countess of Gloucester, was released from imprisonment in 1214; she remarried twice, and died in 1217. John's second wife, Isabella of Angoulême, left England for Angoulême soon after the king's death; she became a powerful regional leader, but largely abandoned the children she had had by John. John had five legitimate children, all by Isabella. His eldest son, Henry III, ruled as King of England for the majority of the 13th century. Richard became a noted European leader and ultimately the King of the Romans in the Holy Roman Empire. Joan became Queen of Scotland on her marriage to Alexander II. Isabella was Holy Roman Empress as the wife of Frederick II. His youngest daughter, Eleanor, married William Marshal's son, also called William, and later the famous English rebel Simon de Montfort. John had various mistresses. By them he had eight, possibly nine, sons - Richard, Oliver, John, Geoffrey, Henry, Osbert Gifford, Eudes, Bartholomew and probably Philip - and two or three daughters - Joan, Maud and probably Isabel. Of these, Joan became the most famous, marrying Prince Llywelyn the Great of Wales.
SOURCE: Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_King_of_England

Known as Lackland
His mother was well over forty when John, his parent's youngest child, was born. He was not only his mother's favourite but he also inherited many of her characteristics. He grew up enjoying the good things of life: food, women and fashion. His parents indulged him but,when at 18 he was sent to Ireland to complete its conquest, he was recalled when he aggravated the situation by making fun of the beards and clothes of the Irish chieftains.

His father denied him any lands and nicknamed him John Lackland; but when John's brother, Richard I, became king, he granted him the county of Mortain in Normandy. Richard I also found him a wife, Isabella of Gloucester. However, the Archbishop of Canterbury declared the marriage void as John and Isabella were second cousins. The Pope reversed this decision but that did not improve the marriage and they soon lived apart, the marriage to be annulled in 1200.

When Richard I went on crusade, being aware of John's character, he appointed William de Longchamp as Regent. However, as soon as Richard was gone, John found support not only by the people of England but also by his illegitimate half-brother Geoffrey, Archbishop of York. Marching on London, he won the city by allowing the people to elect their mayor. Realizing he could not withstand his sovereign's brother, Longchamp fled disguised as a woman. He was ready to sail from Dover when an amorous sailor discovered who he was.

Before Richard I died, he declared John to be his heir, by-passing Arthur of Brittany whose deceased father, Geoffrey, was John's elder brother. On 25 April 1199 he was invested as Duke of Normandy as well.

In 1200 he divorced his unwanted wife as he had become enamoured of the 12-year-old Isabella of Angouleme. Her parents, keen to see their daughter become queen, assisted and they were married by the Archbishop of Bordeaux.

As king he had a great concern and interest in the administration of his territories. Ralph of Coggeshall recorded that he ruled 'energetically enough'. He travelled widely in England, often dealing with mundane financial and legal matters. He was munificent and liberal to outsiders but a plunderer of his own people, trusting strangers rather than his subjects, wherefore he was eventually deserted by his own men and, in the end, little mourned.

John produced some eight illegitimate children and, according to William of Newburgh, lusted after the wife of Eustace de Vesci, but who contrived to smuggle a prostitute into the king's bed in her place. Next day when John coarsely told him how good his wife had been in bed, de Vesci confessed and then fled.

In 1203 John was responsible for the murder of his nephew and rival, Arthur. King Philippe of France, overlord for both Normandy and Brittany, was enraged by this action and, forfeiting Normandy, attacked and conquered Rouen. In 1205 John quarrelled with Pope Innocent III as he did not want to accept Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury. As a result John was excommunicated in 1208. This lasted until 1213 when he had to accept England as a fief from the pope. Campaigns in 1214 in France were disastrous.

While he was in France his enemies in England joined forces under the banner of Stephen Langton, then forced John to accept the Magna Carta which was sealed by John on 15 June 1215 at Runnymnede near Windsor. Infuriated, John gained the support of the pope and gathered an army to fight his barons who were supported by the French king. Landing in England, King Louis marched on London. The Barons promised the crown to the French king and a civil war was begun. During John's travels through England, one of his baggage-trains was swept away while crossing a river and he lost all his valuables including his crown. This caused so great a depression that he fell seriously ill. His illness was aggravated by his gluttony and he was then taken by litter to Newark Castle where he died, aged nearly forty-nine, on 18 October 1216.
SOURCE: Leo van de Pas

I, John, by the grace of God King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Normandy and Acquitaine, Earl of Anjou. Imprimis, I will that my body be buried in the church of St. Mary and St. Wulstan of Worcester. I appoint the following to be my executors: G. by the grace of God Cardinal of St. Martin, and Legate from the Apostolical See; P. Bishop of Winchester; R. Bishop of Chichester; S. Bishop of Worcester, "fratrem Aimer de St. Maura"; W. Marshall, Earl of Pembroke; R. Earl of Chester; William Earl Ferrers; William Bruwne; Walter de Lacy; and John de Monemut, Savaricum de Malo-Leone; Foulk de Breante.
SOURCE: From Testamenta Vetusta, Being Illustrations from Wills, of Manners, Customs, &c., vol. 1, p. 5. Nicholas Harris Nicolas, Barrister at Law, Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. London: Nichols & Son, 1826.


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