Ancestral Trails 2016 » James IV STEWART (-1513)

Persoonlijke gegevens James IV STEWART 

• Hij is geboren op 17 maart 1472/73 in Stirling Castle, Stirling, Stirlingshire, Scotland.
• Titel: King of Scotland
• Hij is overleden op 9 september 1513 in Flodden Field, Branxton, Northumberland, hij was toen 41 jaar oud.

  Slain at Battle of Flodden Field

• Een kind van James III STEWART en Margaret of DENMARK

Gezin van James IV STEWART

(1) Hij heeft/had een relatie met Janet KENNEDY.

Kind(eren):

1. Margaret Jane STEWART  1493-1552
2. James STEWART  1500-1544

(2) Hij is getrouwd met Margaret DRUMMOND.

Zij zijn getrouwd

Kind(eren):

1. Margaret STEWART  1496-???? 

(3) Hij is getrouwd met Margaret TUDOR.

Zij zijn getrouwd op 8 augustus 1503 te Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, hij was toen 31 jaar oud.

Kind(eren):

1. James STEWART  
2. Alexander STEWART  1514-1515
3. James V STEWART  1512-1542 
4. Arthur STEWART  1509-1510

(4) Hij is getrouwd met Isabel STEWART.

Zij zijn getrouwd

Kind(eren):

1. Janet STEWART  1502-1563 

(5) Hij is getrouwd met Marion BOYD.

Zij zijn getrouwd rond 1492.

Kind(eren):

1. Alexander STEWART  1493-1513
2. Katherine STEWART  1495-> 1554 

Notities over James IV STEWART

James IV (17 March 1473 - 9 September 1513) was the King of Scotland from 11 June 1488 to his death. He assumed the throne following the death of his father, King James III, (1451/52-1488, reigned 1460-1488) in the Battle of Sauchieburn, a rebellion in which the younger James played an indirect role. He is generally regarded as the most successful of the Stewart monarchs of Scotland, but like his father he died in battle. His reign ended in a disastrous defeat at the Battle of Flodden. He was the last monarch not only from Scotland, but from all of Great Britain, to be killed in battle.

Early life
James was the son of King James III and Margaret of Denmark, born in Holyrood Abbey. As heir apparent to the Scottish crown, he became Duke of Rothesay. In 1474, his father arranged his betrothal to the English princess Cecily of York, daughter of Edward IV of England. His father James III was not a popular king, facing two major rebellions during his reign, and alienating many members of his close family, especially his younger brother Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany. James III's pro-English policy was also unpopular, and rebounded badly upon him when the marriage negotiations with England broke down over lapsed dowry payments, leading to the invasion of Scotland and capture of Berwick in 1482 by Cecily's uncle Richard, Duke of Gloucester, in the company of the Duke of Albany. When James III attempted to lead his army against the invasion, his army rebelled against him and he was briefly imprisoned by his own councillors in the first major crisis of his reign.

James IV's mother, Margaret of Denmark, was apparently more popular than his father, and though somewhat estranged from her husband she was given responsibility for raising their sons at Stirling Castle, but she died in 1486. Two years later, a second rebellion broke out, where the rebels set up the 15-year-old Prince James as their nominal leader. They fought James III at the Battle of Sauchieburn on 11 June 1488, where the king was killed, though several later sources claimed that Prince James had forbidden any man to harm his father. The younger James took the throne and was crowned at Scone on 24 June. However he continued to bear intense guilt for the indirect role which he had played in the death of his father. He decided to do penance for his sin. Each Lent, for the rest of his life, he wore a heavy iron chain cilice around his waist, next to the skin. He added extra ounces every year.

Reign - Politics
James IV quickly proved an effective ruler and a wise king. He defeated another rebellion in 1489, took a direct interest in the administration of justice and finally brought the Lord of the Isles under control in 1493. For a time, he supported Perkin Warbeck, pretender to the English throne, and carried out a brief invasion of England on his behalf in September 1496. Then in August 1497, James laid siege to Norham Castle, using his grandfather's bombard Mons Meg.

James recognised nonetheless that peace between Scotland and England was in the interest of both countries, and established good diplomatic relations with England, which was emerging at the time from a period of civil war. First he ratified the Treaty of Ayton in 1497. Then, in 1502 James signed the Treaty of Perpetual Peace with Henry VII. This treaty was sealed by his marriage to Henry's daughter Margaret Tudor the next year, in an event portrayed as the marriage of The Thrissil and the Rois (the thistle and rose - the two flowers of Scotland and England) by the great poet William Dunbar, who was then resident at James' court. James also maintained Scotland's traditional good relations with France, however and this occasionally created diplomatic problems with England. For example, when rumours that James would renew the Auld alliance circulated in April 1508, Thomas Wolsey was sent to discuss Henry VII's concerns over this. Wolsey found "there was never a man worse welcome into Scotland than I,... they keep their matters so secret here that the wives in the market know every cause of my coming." Nonetheless, Anglo-Scottish relations generally remained stable until the death of Henry VII in 1509.

James saw the importance of building a fleet that could provide Scotland with a strong maritime presence. James founded two new dockyards for this purpose and acquired a total of 38 ships for the Royal Scots Navy, including the Margaret, and the carrack Great Michael. The latter, built at great expense at Newhaven, near Edinburgh and launched in 1511, was 240 feet in length, weighed1,000 tons and was, at that time, the largest ship in the world.

Culture
James IV was a true Renaissance prince with an interest in practical and scientific matters. He granted the Incorporation of Surgeons and Barbers of Edinburgh (later the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh) a royal charter in 1506, turned Edinburgh Castle into one of Scotland's foremost gun foundries, and welcomed the establishment of Scotland's first printing press in 1507. He built a part of Falkland Palace, and Great Halls at Stirling and Edinburgh castles, and furnished his palaces with tapestries. James was a patron of the arts, including many literary figures, most notably the Scots makars whose diverse and socially observant works convey a vibrant and memorable picture of cultural life and intellectual concerns of the period. Figures associated with his court include William Dunbar, Walter Kennedy and Gavin Douglas, who made the first complete translation of Virgil's Aeneid in northern Europe. His reign also saw the passing of the makar Robert Henryson. He patronised music at Restalrig using rental money from the King's Wark. He also gave his backing to the foundation of King's College, Aberdeen by his chancellor, William Elphinstone, and St Leonard's College, St Andrews by his illegitimate son Alexander Stewart, Archbishop of St Andrews, and John Hepburn, Prior of St Andrews. Partly at Elphinstone's instance, in 1496 he also passed what has been described as Scotland's first education act, which dictated that all barons and freeholders of substance had to send their eldest sons and heirs to school for a certain time.

James was well educated and a fluent polyglot. In July 1498 the Spanish envoy Pedro de Ayala reported to Ferdinand and Isabella that "The King is 25 years and some months old. He is of noble stature, neither tall nor short, and as handsome in complexion and shape as a man can be. His address is very agreeable. He speaks the following foreign languages: Latin, very well; French, German, Flemish, Italian, and Spanish; Spanish as well as the Marquis, but he pronounces it more distinctly. He likes, very much, to receive Spanish letters. His own Scots language is as different from English as Aragonese from Castilian. The King speaks, besides, the language of the savages who live in some parts of Scotland and on the islands. It is as different from Scots as Biscayan is from Castilian. His knowledge of languages is wonderful. He is well read in the Bible and in some other devout books. He is a good historian. He has read many Latin and French histories, and profited by them, as he has a very good memory. He never cuts his hair or his beard. It becomes him very well."

James IV was the last King of Scots known to have spoken Scottish Gaelic. James is one of the rulers reported to have conducted a language deprivation experiment, sending two children to be raised by a mute woman alone on the island of Inchkeith, to determine if language was learned or innate. James was especially interested in surgery and medicine, and also other sciences which are now less creditable: in Stirling Castle, he established an alchemy workshop where alchemist John Damian looked for ways to turn base metals into gold. The project consumed quantities of mercury, golden litharge, and tin. Damian also researched aviation and undertook a failed experiment to fly from the battlements of Stirling Castle, an event which William Dunbar satirised in two separate poems.

War and death
When war broke out between England and France as a result of the Italian Wars, James found himself in a difficult position as an ally by treaty to both France and England. Since the accession of Henry VIII in 1509, relations with England had worsened, and when Henry invaded France, James reacted by declaring war on England.

James had already baulked at the interdict of his kingdom by Pope Julius II, and he opposed its confirmation by Pope Leo X, so that he was not in a good position with the pontiff. Leo sent a letter to James, threatening him with ecclesiastical censure for breaking peace treaties, on 28 June 1513, and James was subsequently excommunicated by Cardinal Christopher Bainbridge.

James summoned sailors and sent the Scottish navy, including the Great Michael, to join the ships of Louis XII of France, so joining in the War of the League of Cambrai. Hoping to take advantage of Henry's absence at the siege of Thérouanne, he led an invading army southward into Northumberland, only to be killed, with many of his nobles and common soldiers, and also several churchmen, including his son the archbishop of St Andrews, at the disastrous Battle of Flodden on 9 September 1513. This was one of Scotland's worst military defeats in history and the loss of not only a popular and capable king, but also a large portion of the political community, was a major blow to the realm. James IV's son, James V, was crowned three weeks after the disaster at Flodden, but was not yet two years old, and his minority was to be fraught with political upheaval.

Both English and Scottish accounts of Flodden emphasise the King's determination to fight. In his otherwise flattering portrayal of James, Pedro de Ayala remarks on his ability as a military commander, portraying him as brusque and fearless on the battlefield: "He is courageous, even more so than a king should be. I am a good witness of it. I have seen him often undertake most dangerous things in the last wars. On such occasions he does not take the least care of himself. He is not a good captain, because he begins to fight before he has given his orders. He said to me that his subjects serve him with their persons and goods, in just and unjust quarrels, exactly as he likes, and that therefore he does not think it right to begin any warlike undertaking without being himself the first in danger. His deeds are as good as his words.

A body, thought to be that of James, was recovered from the battlefield and taken to London for burial. James had been excommunicated, and although Henry VIII had obtained a breve from the Pope on 29 November 1513 to have the King buried in consecrated ground at St. Paul's, the embalmed body lay unburied for many years at Sheen Priory in Surrey. The body was lost after the Reformation, which led to the demolition of the priory. John Stow claimed to have seen it, and said the king's head (with red hair) was removed by a glazier and eventually buried at St Michael Wood Street. The church was later demolished and the site redeveloped many times; it is now occupied by a public house. James's bloodstained coat was sent to Henry VIII (then on campaign in France) by his queen, Catherine of Aragon.

Erasmus provided an epitaph for the King in his Adagia. Later, in 1533, he wrote to James V of Scotland pointing out this essay on duty under the adage Spartam nactus es, hanc exorna (You who were born to Sparta shall serve her) on the subject of the Flodden campaign and the death of James, and also that of his son Alexander, who had been Erasmus' pupil for a one time.

Marriage
His early betrothal to Cecily of York came to nothing, but interest in an English marriage remained. Also, a marriage alliance was contemplated with the daughter of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, Maria of Aragon, but the plans came to nothing. Maria was later married to Manuel I of Portugal, the widow of her elder sister Isabella of Aragon.

In a ceremony at the altar of Glasgow Cathedral on 10 December 1502, James confirmed the Treaty of Perpetual Peace with Henry VII of England. By this treaty James married Henry's daughter Margaret Tudor. After a wedding by proxy in London, the marriage was confirmed in person on 8 August 1503 at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh. Their wedding was commemorated by the gift of a Book of Hours.

The union produced only one surviving son, with three further sons who died as infants and two stillborn daughters:
James Stewart, Duke of Rothesay (21 February 1507, Holyrood Palace - 27 February 1508, Stirling Castle), firstborn son, died an infant;
A stillborn daughter, born at Holyrood Palace on 15 July 1508.
Arthur Stewart, Duke of Rothesay (20 October 1509, Holyrood Palace - Edinburgh Castle, 14 July 1510), 2nd son, died an infant;
King James V (Linlithgow Palace, 10 April 1512 - Falkland Palace, Fife, 14 December 1542), third and only child to survive infancy, successor to his father.
A second stillborn daughter born at Holyrood Palace in November 1512.
Alexander Stewart, Duke of Ross (Stirling Castle, 30 April 1514 - Stirling Castle, 18 December 1515), 4th son, born after James's death, died an infant.

Illegitimate children
James also had several illegitimate children with four different mistresses; five of the children are known to have reached adulthood:

With Margaret Boyd:
Alexander (c. 1493 - Battle of Flodden, 9 September 1513), Archbishop of St Andrews.
Catherine Stewart (c. 1495 - 1554), who married James Douglas, 3rd Earl of Morton.

With Lady Margaret Drummond:
Margaret Stewart (born c. 1497), married first John Gordon, Lord Gordon and second Sir John Drummond 2nd of Innerpeffray.

With Janet Kennedy:
James (before 1499-1544), created Earl of Moray.

With Isabel Stewart, daughter of James Stewart, 1st Earl of Buchan:
Lady Janet Stewart (17 July 1502 - 20 February 1562).
SOURCE: Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland

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