Ancestral Glimpses » Llywelyn ap Iorwerth (± 1173-1240)

Persoonlijke gegevens Llywelyn ap Iorwerth 

• Hij is geboren rond 1173 in Aberffraw Castle, Gwynedd, Anglesey, WALES.
• Hij is overleden op 11 april 1240 in Aberconwy Abbey, Conwy, Conwy County, NORTH WALES.
• Deze gegevens zijn voor het laatst bijgewerkt op 26 oktober 2017.

Gezin van Llywelyn ap Iorwerth

Kind(eren):

1. Margaret verch Llewellyn  ± 1202-± ???? 

Notities over Llywelyn ap Iorwerth

Llywelyn Fawr, Llywelyn the Great ap Iorwerth
Born 1173  in Aberffraw Castle, Gwynedd, Anglesey, Wales
[uncertain] Son of Iorweth ap Owain (Gwynedd) of Gwynedd and Marared verch Madog[sibling(s) unknown]Husband of Tangwystl verch Llywarch
— md. 1194 in (not md.) Wales Husband of Joan FitzJohn
— md. 23 Mar 1204 [location unknown]Husband of Eve FitzWarin
— md. 1239 [location unknown]Father of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, Gwladus (verch Llywelyn) de Mortimer, Elen (verch Llewelyn) verch Llywelyn, Margaret (verch Llywelyn) de Clifford, Gwenllian (verch Llywelyn) de Lacy, Tegwared y Baiswen (Llewelyn) ap Llywelyn, Angharad (Llewellyn) Maelgwyn, Dafydd ap Llywelyn, Agatha Verch Llywelyn, Susanna ferch Llywelyn, Helen (Llywelyn) verch Llywelyn and Tegwared Ap Llewelyn Died 11 Apr 1240 in Aberconwy Abbey, Conwy, Conwy County, North Wales.

Preceded by
Gwenwynwyn ap Owain Prince of Powys Wenwynwyn
1216–1240
Succeeded by
Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn
Preceded by
Dafydd ap Owain GwyneddPrince of Gwynedd
1195–1240
Succeeded by
Dafydd ap Llywelyn

Llywelyn ap Iorwerth ~ Llywelyn Fawr (the Great)
Llywelyn ap Iorwerth Drwyndwn ap Owain Gwynedd ap Gruffudd ap Cynan[1]Llywelyn Fawr,[2] Prince of Gwynedd (1195 – 1240[3]) in north Wales and eventually de facto ruler over most of Wales,[4] was also called
Llywelyn I of Wales (Welsh: Cymru)[5]
Llywelyn of Cymru, of Gwynedd, of Powys Wenwynwyn
Prince of Wales[6] (1218 – 1240)
Prince of North Wales[7]
Prince of Powys Wenwynwyn (1216 – 1240)
Prince of Aberffraw[7] (1230[3])
Lord of Snowdon[7] (1230[3])

Vitals
Llywelyn ap Iorwerth (1173 – 11 Apr 1240)[7]
Born 1173,[7] Aberffraw Castle or Dolwyddelan Castle, "traditionally the birthplace of Llywelyn ap Iorwerth"[8][9][10][11]
Parents — son and heir of Iorwerth Drwyndwn ab Owain[7] Gwynedd (of Gwynedd)[1] and his wife Marared verch Madog[7][1][12] (md. abt. 1163[13])

Wives & Mistresses — Llywelyn md. three[14] or four times and had numerous mistresses.[7]

Wives:
unknown 1st wife[14] (or 2 wives before Joan[7][15])

(Miss) ____ of Chester, dau. of Hugh de Meschines, 6th Earl of Chester, Viscount d'Avranches, Seigneur de St. Sever and Briquessart and Bertrade de Montfort, ca. 1196. She died bef. 24 Nov 1199. [7] No issue.[16]

_____, "widow of his uncle, Rhodri ab Owain (died 1195), and dau. of Reynold (or Rognvaldr), King of Man. He proposed to marry her in 1199. [7]Pope Innocent III officially granted permission for him to marry this woman 19 Apr 1203, which permission was formally rescinded 17 Feb 1204-05. It is unknown if this marriage took place."[7][17]

Joan FitzJohn (ca. 1188 – 1236-37), dau. of King John I of England; md. in England abt. 1205 (settlement dated Oct 1204,[7] bef. 23 Mar 1204-05,[7] aft. 16 Apr 1205,[14] 18 Jun 1205, Ascensiontide (mid-May) 1206[18])

Eva FitzWarin, dau. of Fulk FitzWarin[7] (by his first wife[7] or his second[14]), md. Llywelyn in 1239 (no issue)[7] Mistresses: Llywelyn is said to have had seven mistresses, but the name of only one is known:[14]
Tangwystl ferch Llywarch Goch[14][1]

Children of Llywelyn[19]
Gruffudd ap Llywelyn,[14][7][1][20] by mistress Tangwystl [14]born ca. 1199, died 1244
Gwladys Ddu verch Llywelyn,[14][7][1][20] by an unnamed mistress [14] born ca. 1206, died 1251
Ellen[7] (Helen,[14] Elen[1][20]) verch Llywelyn, by wife Joan [14] born ca. 1206? died ca. 1253
Margred[1][20] (Margaret[14][7]) verch Llywelyn, by an unknown mistress[14] born ca. 1208? died ca. 1263
Dafydd ap Llywelyn,[14][7][1] Prince of Wales, born ca. 1208 (1211?), by wife Joan [14] died 25 Feb 1246
Gwenllian verch Llywelyn,[14][7][1][20] by a mistress [14] born ca. 1209 died 1281
Angharad verch Llywelyn,[14][7][1][20] by an unknown mistress [14]born ca. 1210, died 1257
Tegwared ap Llywelyn,[7][1][20] born ca. 1210, by an unknown mistress[14]possible twin to Angharad?
Helen,[14] or Susanna,[14][7][21] by wife Joan [14]born ca. 1214? Died 1259? (_____, wife of Malcolm of Fife,[7] Helen md. Malcolm of Fife,[14] Elen md. Malcolm Macduff, 7th Earl of Fife[20])
_____, md. William Caention[22]
(a second) Angharad, md. Philip ab Ifor[22]Llywelyn died 11 Apr 1240[7] at the Cisterician Abbey of Aberconwy, Arllechwedd Isaf, Caernarvonshire, Wales, where he had "taken on the habit of religion."[23] He is bur. at Aberconwy Abbey.[7]"Princess Joan died in 1237 at Garth Celyn and Llywelyn suffered a paralytic stroke later in the same year. He died at the Cistercian Abbey of Aberconwy, his own foundation, on 11 Apr 1240 and was bur. there. His stone coffin was later removed to the parish church of Llanwrst, where it can still be seen."[24]

Biography
"Llywelyn spent most of his life restoring and enhancing the hegemony of his grand-father Owain Gwynedd. A striking youth and a successful warrior at an early age, he acquired (from 1194) lands at the expense of his kinsmen, enabling him to master Gwynedd by 1203. Good relations with King John brought recognition and his marriage to John's natural dau. Joan."[3]

Residence
Dolwyddelan castle: built by Llywelyn; old castle nearby may have been his birthplace.
Llywelyn's main home and court throughout his reign was at Garth Celyn on the north coast of Gwynedd.

Reign
1197:
"After the death of the lord Rhys, his son Gruffudd succeeded him in the government of the dominion, which was held by Maelgwn his brother, when the said Maelgwn, after being banished before from his territory, came, accompanied by his men, and also by the family of Gwenwynwyn, to Aberystwyth, and subjugated the town and castle, killing many of the people, and carrying others into bondage, and taking possession of the whole of Ceredigion with its castles. And after seizing his brother Gruffudd, he sent him to the prison of Gwenwynwyn, who agreeably to his desire sent him to an English prison. And then Gwenwynwyn subjugated Arwystli, and captured Llywelyn, son of Iorwerth and David son of Owain Gwynedd. That year, Owain Cyveiliog died at Ystrad Harebell, the monastery which he himself had founded after putting on the habit of religion."[26]

1199: captured castle of Mold ... using title "prince of the whole of North Wales"; (Latin:tocius norwallie princeps). Llywelyn was probably not in fact master of all Gwynedd at this time since it was his cousin Gruffudd ap Cynan who promised homage to King John for Gwynedd in 1199.[4]

1201
"The ensuing year, Llywelyn, son of Iorwerth, subdued the cantrev of Lleyn, having expelled Maredudd, son of Cynan, on account of his treachery."[1]

1202
"about the first feast of St. Mary in the autumn, Llywelyn, son of Iorwerth, raised an army from Powys, to control Gwenwynwyn, and possess the country. Although Gwenwynwyn was close to him, ... he called ... the other princes ... related to him, to ... war ... against Gwenwynwyn. ... Elise, son of Madog, son of Maredudd ... refused ... and ... endeavored to bring ... peace with Gwenwynwyn. And therefore, after the clergy and the religious had concluded a peace between Gwenwynwyn and Llywelyn], the territory of Elise, son of Madog, his uncle was taken from him. And ultimately there was given him for maintenance, in charity, the castle of Crogen with seven small townships. And thus, after conquering the castle of Bala, Llywelyn returned back happily. That year, about the feast of St. Michael, the family of young Rhys, son of Gruffudd, son of the lord Rhys, obtained possession of the castle of Llanymddyvri.[26]

1203
"The ensuing year, young Rhys, son of Gruffudd subdued the castle of Llanegwad. And then died David, son of Owain, in England, after having been banished out of Wales by Llywelyn, son of Iorwerth. That year Gwenwynwyn, and Maelgwn, son of Rhys, by devices got possession of the castle of Llanymddyvri, and the castle of Llangadog; and the castle of Dineirth was completed."[26]

1208
"Rhys and Owain, sons of Gruffudd, attacked the castle of Llangadog, which they burned, killing some of the garrison, and imprisoning others."[26] Gwenwynwyn of Powys fell out with King John (John summoned him to Shrewsbury in Oct ... then arrested ... and stripped him of his lands. Llywelyn annexed southern Powys and northern Ceredigion and rebuild Aberystwyth castle.)[2]

Summer 1209: accompanied John on a campaign against William I of Scotland.

1209.
"King John went with an immense army into Ireland; and he took from the sons of Hugh de Lacy their land and their a castles. After receiving homage of all in Ireland, and capturing the wife of William Bruse, and young William, his son, with his wife and his son and daughter, he returned with honor to England. He then put young William and his mother unmercifully to death in the castle of Windsor. That year, the earl of Caerleon built the castle of Dyganwy, which Llywelyn, son of Iorwerth, had previously demolished, for fear of the king. And then also, that earl built the castle of Holywell; and Llywelyn, son of Iorwerth, ravaged the territory of that earl."

1210
"One thousand two hundred and ten was the year of Christ, when Llywelyn, son of Iorwerth, made cruel attacks upon the English; and on that account king John became enraged, and formed a design of entirely divesting Llywelyn of his dominion. And he collected a vast army towards Gwynedd, with the view of utterly destroying it."[26]

1211
"The ensuing year, as Llywelyn, son of Iorwerth, prince of Gwynedd, could not brook the many insults done to him by the men of the king, who had been left in the new castle at Aberconway he confederated with the Welsh princes, namely, Gwenwynwyn, and Maelgwn, son of Rhys, and Madog, son of Gruffudd Maelor, and Maredudd, son of Robert; and rose against the king, subduing all the castles which he had made in Gwynedd, except Dyganwy and Rhuddlan; Mathraval, in Powys, made by Robert Vepont, they subdued, and whilst they were reducing that, the king, with a vast army, came to oppose them, and he himself burned it with fire. That year, Robert Vepont was hanged, at Shrewsbury, Rhys, son of Maelgwn, who was a hostage to the king, not being yet seven years old. And in the same year, Robert, bishop of Bangor, died."[26]

1215
"Then Giles, bishop of Hereford, made peace with the king, from fear of the pope; ... and he died at Gloucester, about the feast of St. Martin; and his patrimony came to his brother Rheinallt de Bruse, who took for his wife the (Gladwys), dau. ofLlywelyn, son of Iorwerth, prince of Gwynedd. ...That year, Llywelyn, son of Iorwerth, and the Welsh princes in general, collected a vast army to Caermarthen; and before the end of five days, he obtained the castle, and razed it to the ground. And then they demolished the castles of Llanstephan and Talacharn and St. Clare. And from thence, on the eve of the feast of St. Thomas the Apostle, they proceeded to Ceredigion, and fought against the castle of Emlyn. Then the men of Cemaes did homage to Llywelyn, son of Iorwerth, and the castle of Trevdraeth was delivered to him; which, by general consent, was shattered. And when the garrison of Aberystwyth saw that they could not maintain the castle, they delivered it up to Llywelyn, son of Iorwerth, on the feast of St. Stephen; and the following day, the feast of St. John the Apostle, the castle of Cilgerran was delivered to bim. And then Llywelyn, son of Iorwerth, and all the Welsh princes that were with him, returned to their countries, happy and joyful with victory. And here are the names of the princes who were on that expedition from Gwynedd: —  Llywelyn, son of Iorwerth, prince of Gwynedd, and Howel, son of Gruffudd, son of Cynan, his uncle, and Llywelyn, son of Maredudd, son of Cynan; out of Powys, Gwenwynwyn, son of Owain Cyveiliog, and Maredudd, son of Robert of Cydewain, and the family of Madog, son of Gruffudd Madog, and the two sons of Maelgwn, son of Cadwallon; and out of South Wales, Maelgwn, son of Rhys, and Rhys the Hoarse, his brother, and young Rhys, and Owain, the sons of Gruffudd, son of Rhys. And these are the names of the castles which were subjugated in that expedition; that is to say, the castle of Senghenydd, the castle of Cydweli, Caermarthen, Llanstephan, St. Clare, Talacharn, Trevdraeth, Aberteivi, and Cilgerran."[26]

Llywelyn allied with Philip II Augustus of France, then with the barons rebelling against John, marching on Shrewsbury and capturing it without resistance in 1215.

When John was forced to sign Magna Carta, Llywelyn was rewarded with several favorable provisions relating to Wales, including the release of his son Gruffydd, a hostage since 1211. The same year Ednyfed Fychan was appointed sensechal of Gwynedd and was to work closely with Llywelyn for the remainder of his reign. Llywelyn the Great.

1216
A year after that and then there was a partition of land between Maelgwn, son of Rhys, and his brother, Rhys the Hoarse, and Rhys and Owain, the sons of Gruffudd, son of Rhys, at Aberdovey, in the presence of Llywelyn, son of Iorwerth, when all the Welsh princes, for the most part and all the wise men of Gwynedd were summoned thither together. And to Maelgwn, son of Rhys, were allotted three cantrevs of Dyved, that is to say, the cantrev of Gwarthav, the cantrev of Cemaes, and the cantrev of Emlyn, with Penllwynog and the castle of Cilgerran; and of the Vale of Tywi, the castle of Llanymddyvri, with two comots, namely, Hirvryn and Mallaen, and the manor of Myddvai; and of Ceredigion, the two comots of Gwynionydd and Mabwynion. And to young Rhys, and his brother Owain, the sons of Gruffudd, son of Rhys, were allotted the castle of Aberteivi, and the castle of Nant yr Ariant, with throe cantrevs of Ceredigion. And to Rhys the Hoarse were allotted, as his share the whole of Cantrev Mawr, except Mallaen, and the Cantrev Bychan, except Hirvryn and Myddvai; and to him likewise came Cydweli and Carnwyllon. In that year, Gwenwynwyn, lord of Powys, made peace with John, king of England, treating with contempt the oath and the engagement which he had plighted to the chieftains of England and Wales, and violating the homage which he had done to Llywelyn, son of Iorwerth, and surrendering the hostages that he had given thereon."[3]

1217:
Reginald de Braose of Brecon and Abergavenny, who had been allied to Llywelyn and md. his dau. Gwladus Ddu changed sides. Llywelyn responded by invading his lands, first threatening Brecon, where the burgesses offered hostages for the payment of 100 marks, then heading for Swansea where Reginald de Braose met him to offer submission and to surrender the town. He then continued westwards to threaten Haverfordwest where the burgesses offered hostages for their submission to his rule or the payment of a fine of 1,000 marks.Treaty of Worcester and border campaigns.

1218–1229.
Following King John's death Llywelyn concluded the Treaty of Worcester with his successor Henry III in 1218. This treaty confirmed him in possession of all his recent conquests. From then until his death Llywelyn was the dominant force in Wales, though there were further outbreaks of hostilities with marcher lords, particularly the Marshall family and Hubert de Burgh, and sometimes with the king. Llywelyn built up marriage alliances with several of the Marcher families.[4]

1220
"That year, on the feast of S. Jean de Collaces next after that Llywelyn, son of Iorwerth, cited to him most of the princes of all Wales, and collected a vast army to go against the Flemings of Rhos and Pembroke (William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke), because of their breaking the peace and the treaty, which the men of England had made between the English and the Welsh, by their committing frequent depredations upon the Welsh, and harassing them. On the first day he attacked the castle of Arberth, which the Flemings had built, after having been formerly destroyed by the Welsh; and he obtained the castle by force, and threw it to the ground, after killing some of the garrison, burning others, and capturing others. And the following day he destroyed the castle of Gwys, and burned the town. The third day he came to Haverford, and burned the whole of the town to the castle gate. And thus he went round Rhos and Deugleddyv in five days, making vast slaughter of the people of the country. And after making a truce with the Flemings until the calends of May, he returned back joyful and happy."[26]

Early 1223. 
Llywelyn captured Kinnerley and Whittington castles in Shropshire. In Apr, Marshalls recaptured Cardigan and Carmarthen. Their campaign was supported by a royal army that took Montgomery. Llywelyn came to an agreement with the king at Montgomery in Oct. His allies in south Wales were given back lands taken by the Marshalls, and Llywelyn gave up Shropshire conquests.

1228.
 Llywelyn campaigned against Hubert de Burgh, Justiciar of England and Ireland, and one of the most powerful men in the kingdom. Hubert was given the lordship and castle of Montgomery by the king and encroached on Llywelyn's nearby lands. The king raised an army to help Hubert, who began to build another castle in the commote of Ceri. But in Oct, the royal army retreated and Henry agreed to destroy the half-built castle for £2,000 from Llywelyn. Llywelyn raised the money by demanding the same sum as the ransom of William de Braose, Lord of Abergavenny, who he captured in the fighting.[27]

1205 Marriage to Joan and Issue
1205
Llywelyn md. 18 Jun 1205 England; (Aft. 16 Apr 1205) Joan (ca. 1188 - 1236-37), dau. of King John I of England and Agatha de Ferrers (or Clemence, the wife of Henry Pinel).
Joan md. Llywelyn the Great[28] Prince of Wales[29]at Ascensiontide 1206,[30] Joan and Llywelyn were md., probably around mid-May.[31][32]

1211-1232
Her role as ambassadress and intermediary between her husband and the Crown in the period 1211-32 was an important one. [33]

1228:
In 1228 Llywelyn's dau. Susanna was made a ward of Nicholas of Verdun: "Henry III King of England granted the upbringing of "L. princeps Norwallie et Johanna uxor sua et…soror nostra Susannam filiam suam" to "Nicholao de Verdun et Clementie uxori sue" by order dated 24 Nov 1228[292]. [34]

Issue:
Helen ferch Llywellyn of Caernarvon (ca. 1214)
Elen (Helen) verch Llywellyn of Caernarvon, (ca. 1206 - bef. 24 Oct 1253) of Chester. md.1 abt 1222 John de Scotia, Earl of Chester, md.2 Robert de Quincy
ANGHARAD Verch Llywellyn (ca. 1212)
DAFYDD ap Llywellyn (ca. 1209 - Mar 1246)
Margaret verch Llywelyn (ca. 1230 - aft. 1263 Clifford Castle, Herefordshire). md.1 John de Braose; md.2 Walter de Clifford ca. 1232
Gwenllian "LAS" verch Llywellyn of Caernarvon, b. ca. 1207.
Gwladus dhu (d. 1251) md. Reginald de Braose of Brecon and Abergavenny[35], md. 2nd (1230) Ralph de Mortimer.

Mistresses and Issue
While some sources suggest that the mother of most of Llywelyn's illegitimate children was his mistress, Tangwystl Goch (ca. 1168 - 1198), Cawley [14] reports only Gruffudd as a child of Tangwystl, with the other illegitimate children the issue of Llywelyn's other mistresses.
Issue:
Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (ca. 1196 - 1244) eldest son. Mother: Tangwystl. md. Senena, Dau. Caradoc ap Thomas of Anglesey. Issue: 4 sons:
Llywelyn ap Gruffydd.
Tegwared ap Llywelyn[36]
Marared verch Llywelyn (ca. 1198 - aft. 1263) md.1John de Braose of Gower, nephew of Reginald de Braose; m.2 Walter Clifford of Bronllys and Clifford.
Gwenllian verch Llywelyn md. William de Lacey
Angharad verch Llywelyn, Angharad may have been Joan's dau. Her illegitimacy is uncertain. See Wikipedia: Angharad ferch Llywelyn md. Maelgwn Fychan

Marital problems
1230
 William de Braose, 10th Baron Abergavenny, was executed for sleeping with Llywelyn's wife. They were caught in Llwelyn's bedroom.[26][37]
Previously ... Braose allied with Llywelyn during his capture, and arranged a marriage between his dau. Isabella and Llywelyn's heir, Dafydd ap Llywelyn. This was upheld after his execution. Shortly after Braose' death, a letter from Llywelyn to William's wife, Eva asks if she still wants their kid's wedding to take place ... which did happen. Meanwhile, Joan was put on house arrest, but restored to her the next year.[5]

Death of Spouse
1237
Joan died, "in Feb, at the court of Aber, and was bur. in a new cemetery on the side of the strand ... Howel, bishop of Llanelwy, had consecrated. And in honor of her, Llywelyn, son of Iorwerth, built there a monastery for barefooted monks, which is called Llanvaes in Mona. And then Ieuan, earl of Caerleon, and Cynvrig, son of the lord Rhys, died. That year, there came again a cardinal from Rome to England, sent, as his legate, by pope Gregory the ninth."[26]

Strata Florida Abbey — council of 1238 & son Dafydd
1238
"The ensuing year, on the morrow after the feast of St. Luke the Evangelist [Oct 19], all the princes of Wales sware fidelity to David, son of Llywelyn, son of Iorwerth, at Strata Florida. And then he took, from his brother Gruffudd, Arwystli and Ceri and Cyveiliog and Mawddwy and Mochnant and Caereinion; leaving to him nothing but the cantrev of Lleyn itself. And then Maredudd, son of Madog, son of Gruffudd Maelor, slew his brother Gruffudd; and immediately Llywelyn, son of Iorwerth, divested him of his territory on that account."[26]

Death
1240.
"Llywelyn, son of Iorwerth, prince of Wales, died ... and was bur. at Aberconway, after taking the habit of religion. And after him David, his son, by Joan, the dau. of king John ... reigned. The month of May following, David, son of Llywelyn, having with him the barons of Wales, went to Gloucester, to do homage to the king his uncle, and to receive from him his territory lawfully. And then the English sent Walter Marshall, and an army with him, to fortify Aberteivi."[26]

Burial of Llywelyn the Great
According to Lee (1893), Llywelyn died 11 Apr 1240 at the Cisterician Abbey of Aberconwy, Arllechwedd Isaf, Caernarvonshire, Wales, where he had "taken on the habit of religion." He is bur. at the abbey.[23]
Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, Prince of Aberffraw, Lord of Snowdon, died at Aberconway Abbey 11 Apr 1240, where he was bur.[7]
He was later rebur. at Llanrwst Parish Church. Gwydir Chapel next to the Church of St. Grwst in Llanrwst, Conway, Wales, contains the empty coffin of Llywelyn the Great. He was originally bur. at Aberconwy Abbey, but his coffin was moved to the new abbey at Maenan when the Cistercian monks were forced to move there by Edward I.
The whereabouts of Llywelyn's corpse remains a mystery. http;//www.walesdirectory.co.uk/Towns_in_Wales/Llanrwst_Town_2.htm
Aberconway Abbey was also known as Aberconway Abbey Parish Church and is now known as St. Mary and All Saints Church, in Conwy, Conwy County, North Wales.

ab, ap or verch[39]
"Verch" means "dau. of", so if a woman was named "Elen verch Llywelyn ap Gwilym", this would mean that her name was Elen, her father's name was Llywelyn, and her father's father's name was Gwilym. Properly, none of these words, "ap", "ab", or "verch", are capitalized. The terms come from the fact that those are the words in the Welsh language which mean "son of" and "dau. of". Kind of like "filius" in Latin or "...sson" in Scandinavian languages. The difference between "ap" and "ab" is the sound which follows it. We do the same in the English language with "a bicycle" and "an orange". The spelling and pronunciation of the indefinite article changes depending on whether it preceeds a vowel sound or a consonant sound. In Welsh, "ap" comes before a consonant sound, thus "Einion ap Llywelyn", "Jenkin ap Gruffudd", "Llywarch ap Bran". "Ab", on the other hand, comes before a vowel sound, thus "Maredudd ab Einion", "Huw ab Owain". The reason I said "vowel sound" and not "vowel" is that in certain circumstances the initial letter "I" in Welsh can sound like a consonant. Thus "Rhys ap Iorwerth" and "Dafydd ap Ieuan". Kind of like in English where an initial "U" can sound like a consonant. We say "a university", not "an university". As you would expect, not everybody knows enough Welsh to handle patronyms properly, so you'll find lots of variations in the forms, even among people who write on Welsh genealogies. But the above is the correct Welsh way of doing things.
Iorwerth: Means "handsome lord" from Welsh ior "lord" and berth "handsome". This name is used in the Mabinogion, a collection of tales from Welsh myth, where it belongs to a son of Maredudd. This name is sometimes used as a Welsh form of Edward.
Llywelyn: Possibly a Welsh form of the old Celtic name Lugubelenus, a combination of the names of the gods LUGUS and BELENUS. Alternatively it may be derived from Welsh llyw "leader". This was the name of several Welsh rulers, notably the 13th-century Llywelyn the Great who fought against England.

Sources
↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 Bartrum
↑ sometimes shown as Llywelyn Mawr, which also means Great, but Fawr is more frequently used for Llywelyn ap Iorwerth (see this G2G discussion)
↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 John Cannon, "Llywelyn ab Iorwerth." The Oxford Companion to British History. 2002. Encyclopedia.com (Accessed: 12 Feb 2016).
↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Wikipedia: Llywelyn the Great
↑ Wikipedia: Selected Biography, May 18
↑ Llywelyn the Great, Heritage Holidays
↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.157.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21 7.22 7.23 7.24 7.25 7.26 7.27 7.28 7.29 7.30 Douglas Richardson, Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families,5 vols., ed. Kimball G. Everingham, (Salt Lake City, Utah: the author, 2013), Vol V, pp 298-302.
↑ Dolwyddelan Castle, Castles of Wales
↑ Llywelyn ab Iorwerth, BBC Wales
↑ "It is suggested that Llywelyn ab Iorwerth was born in Dolwyddelan Castle and that he was raised in Powys." (Llywelyn Fawr, Snowdonia National Park Authority)
↑ this blog says Llywelyn the Great built Dolwyddelan Castle, but it seems to be the only source of that tidbit (and, if so, he could not have been born there)
↑ Llywelyn ap Iorwerth ancestor table, compiled by Stewart Baldwin (accessed 12 Feb 2016)
↑ from Marared's WikiTree profile
↑ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 14.1214.13 14.14 14.15 14.16 14.17 14.18 14.19 14.20 14.21 14.22 14.23 14.24 14.2514.26 Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, Cawley, The Foundation for Medieval Genealogy (#FMG)
↑ See also this Gen-Medieval Rootsweb post by Douglas Richardson, 5 Oct 1999
↑ Llywelyn 'the Great', Prince of Gwynedd, Aberffraw, Lord Snowdon, "Our Royal, Titled, Noble, and Commoner Ancestors and Cousins" (website, compiled by Mr. Marlyn Lewis, Portland, OR; Accessed: 12 Feb 2016), citing Richardson's Plantagênet Ancestry (Vol III, pp. 422-424) and Royal Ancestry (Vol V, pp. 297-298)
↑ See also this Gen-Medieval Rootsweb post by Stewart Baldwin, 7 Oct 1999
↑ "According to the Worcester Annals" (see Plantagênesta)
↑ List of first nine children with dates from Sharon Kaye Penman's blog; footnotes indicate if child is also shown by #FMG, #Richardson, #Bartrum, and #Turner-Thomas. Cawley lists nine children -- 3 by wife Joan, 1 by mistress Tangwystl, and the remaining 5 by other mistresses, as shown. Two additional children follow the nine listed by Penman. Other sections in this biography include additional information as to the mothers. See also discussions on the profiles of the mothers and the children.
↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 #Turner-Thomas
↑ Penman suggests that Helen and Susanna may be the same person, but most other researchers list them as separate persons.
↑ 22.0 22.1 Listed by #Bartrum, #Richardson, and #Turner-Thomas
↑ 23.0 23.1 Lee, S. (1893). Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. 34. NY: Macmillian and Co., p. 7ff, at 12 archive.org.
↑ Llywelyn the Great, English Monarchs
↑ Public Monument and Sculpture Association National Recording Project (link available through archive.org's Wayback Machine)
↑ 26.00 26.01 26.02 26.03 26.04 26.05 26.06 26.07 26.08 26.09 26.10 26.11 Brut y Tywysogion, Jesus MS 111 (Red Book of Hergest), retrieved 2014-06-08, amb
↑ Wikipedia Llywelyn the Great
↑ Richardson, pp. 563-564, retrieved 2 Aug 2014, amb
↑ son of Iorwerth Drwyndwn ap Owain Gwynedd Prince of North Wales and Marared ferch Madog ap Maredudd.
↑ Worcester Annals
↑ According to www.princesofgwynedd.com May 1206 at Chester.
↑ md. 1205, according to Foundation for Medieval Genealogy (FMG)
↑
↑ Cawley, Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, The Foundation for Medieval Genealogy, Accessed: 15 Feb 2016
↑ 1215-Brut y Tywysogion
↑ by Crysten
↑ In Easter 1230 William visited Llywelyn's court Garth Celyn, Aber Garth Celyn now known as Pen y Bryn, Abergwyngregyn. During this visit he was found in Llywelyn's chamber together with Llywelyn's wife Joan. On 2 May, de Braose was hanged in the marshland under Garth Celyn, the place now remembered as Gwern y Grog, Hanging Marsh, a deliberately humiliating execution for a nobleman, and Joan was placed under house arrest for a year.
↑ Wikipedia: Iorwerth
↑ Gen-Medieval Rootsweb post by William A. Reitwiesner, Sep 1995
Llywelyn Fawr, from the Rootsweb database for Celtic Royal Genealogy by Sir Arthur E Turner-Thomas V.C., G.C., K.G.(Wales), K.C.B.
The Bartrum Project (digitization of Welsh Genealogies AD 300- 1500 by Peter C. Bartrum)
Gruffudd ap Cynan 1
Gruffudd ap Cynan 3, Owain Gwenydd
Gruffudd ap Cynan 4, Iorwerth Drwyndwn
Lee, S. (1893). Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. 34. NY: Macmillian and Co. archive.org.
Cokayne, G.E., Gibbs, V., Doubleday, H.A. White, G.H., Warrand, D. & Walden, H, (2000). The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant, Vol. 1, p. 403. Gloucester, U.K.: Alan Sutton Publishing, 2000
Mosley, C. (2003). Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, (107th ed. Vol. 1, p. 1063).Wilmington, DE: Genealogical Books Ltd.
Weir, A. (1999). Britain's Royal Family: A Complete Genealogy, (pp. 71, 194). London: The Bodley Head.
Jacob Youde William Lloyd, The History of the Princes, the Lords Marcher, and the Ancient Nobility of Powys Fadog: and the Ancient Lords of Arwystli, Cedewen, and Meirionydd, Volume 1 (p 161)
Peter Stewart's GEN-MEDIEVAL/soc.genealogy.medieval "Llywelyn ap Iorwerth Ancestor Table"

Heeft u aanvullingen, correcties of vragen met betrekking tot Llywelyn ap Iorwerth?
De auteur van deze publicatie hoort het graag van u!