Familienstammbaum van Wincoop - Sandkuijl » Romanos IV Diogenes Emperor of the Byzantine Empire (± 1030-1072)

Verwandschaft Romanos IV Diogenes Emperor of the Byzantine Empire

• Romanos IV Diogenes ist der Ur(x28)großvater von Maureen van Wincoop:
  Maureen van WincoopCarolina Maria (Carla) SandkuijlHendricus Johannes SandkuijlWilhelmina (Willemtje) Jacoba VerburgtPetrus Johannes Jacobus VerburgtWillemtje van BrederodeHendrik Danielsz van BrederodeDaniël Cornelisz van BrederodeCornelis Walraven Danielsz van BrederodeDaniel Walravensz van BrederodeWalraven Hendrikszoon van BrederodeHeindrick Walravensz van BrederodeWalraven Pietersz van BrederodePieter Walravensz van BrederodeWalraven Dircksz van BrederodeDirck Walraven van BrederodeWalraven Dircksz van BrederodeDirck Walravensz (bastaard van) van BrederodeWalraven van BrederodeBeatrix van ValkenburgReinoud (Reinald) van Valkenburg, Montjoie, Sittard, Susteren en BurgenbachWalram (Waleram) de Rosse (van Valkenburg)Bertha van LimburgWalram II (Waleran) von Monschau van LimburgCunégonde de Lorraine (von Monschau)Wierzchoslawa Ludmilla von Polen (Greater Polen)Elizabeth (Erzsébet magyar hercegno) of HungaryHelena (Jelena Ilona) of Serbia (Servie)Anna DiogenissaConstantine DiogenesRomanos IV Diogenes


• Romanos IV Diogenes ist der Ur(x23)großvater von Willemtje van Brederode:
  Willemtje van BrederodeHendrik Danielsz van BrederodeDaniël Cornelisz van BrederodeCornelis Walraven Danielsz van BrederodeDaniel Walravensz van BrederodeWalraven Hendrikszoon van BrederodeHeindrick Walravensz van BrederodeWalraven Pietersz van BrederodePieter Walravensz van BrederodeWalraven Dircksz van BrederodeDirck Walraven van BrederodeWalraven Dircksz van BrederodeDirck Walravensz (bastaard van) van BrederodeWalraven van BrederodeBeatrix van ValkenburgReinoud (Reinald) van Valkenburg, Montjoie, Sittard, Susteren en BurgenbachWalram (Waleram) de Rosse (van Valkenburg)Bertha van LimburgWalram II (Waleran) von Monschau van LimburgCunégonde de Lorraine (von Monschau)Wierzchoslawa Ludmilla von Polen (Greater Polen)Elizabeth (Erzsébet magyar hercegno) of HungaryHelena (Jelena Ilona) of Serbia (Servie)Anna DiogenissaConstantine DiogenesRomanos IV Diogenes


• Romanos IV Diogenes ist der Ur(x10)großvater von Walraven van Brederode:
  Walraven van BrederodeBeatrix van ValkenburgReinoud (Reinald) van Valkenburg, Montjoie, Sittard, Susteren en BurgenbachWalram (Waleram) de Rosse (van Valkenburg)Bertha van LimburgWalram II (Waleran) von Monschau van LimburgCunégonde de Lorraine (von Monschau)Wierzchoslawa Ludmilla von Polen (Greater Polen)Elizabeth (Erzsébet magyar hercegno) of HungaryHelena (Jelena Ilona) of Serbia (Servie)Anna DiogenissaConstantine DiogenesRomanos IV Diogenes

Quellen

1. Wikipedia, accessed 26-02-2020), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes

   Romanos IV Diogenes
   From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Jump to navigationJump to search
   Romanos IV Diogenes
   Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans
   Romanos et Eudoxie.JPG
   Ivory plaque representing either Romanos IV Diogenes and Eudokia Makremboitissa, c 1070, or Romanos II and Eudokia, c. 945. Paris, (Bibliothèque nationale de France), Cabinet des Médailles.
   Emperor of the Byzantine Empire
   Reign 1 January 1068 – 24 October 1071
   Predecessor Constantine X Doukas
   Successor Michael VII Doukas
   Born c.1030
   Died 1072 (aged 42)
   Spouse Unnamed daughter of Alusian
   Eudokia Makrembolitissa
   Issue Constantine Diogenes
   Nikephoros Diogenes
   Leo Diogenes
   Dynasty Doukid
   Father Constantine Diogenes (died 1032)
   Romanos IV Diogenes (Greek: ??µa??? ?? ????????, Romanós IV Diogénes), also known as Romanus IV, was a member of the Byzantine military aristocracy who, after his marriage to the widowed empress Eudokia Makrembolitissa, was crowned Byzantine emperor and reigned from 1068 to 1071. During his reign he was determined to halt the decline of the Byzantine military and to stop Turkish incursions into the Byzantine Empire, but in 1071 he was captured and his army routed at the Battle of Manzikert. While still captive he was overthrown in a palace coup, and when released he was quickly defeated and detained by members of the Doukas family. In 1072, he was blinded and sent to a monastery, where he died of his wounds.
   
   
   Contents
   1 Accession to the throne
   2 Campaigns against the Turks
   2.1 Campaign of 1068
   2.2 Campaign of 1069
   3 Affairs at Constantinople
   4 Battle of Manzikert and capture by Alp Arslan
   5 Betrayal
   6 Family
   7 See also
   8 Notes
   9 References
   9.1 Primary sources
   9.2 Secondary sources
   10 Further reading
   11 External links
   Accession to the throne
   Romanos Diogenes was the son of Constantine Diogenes (died 1032) and a member of a prominent and powerful Byzantine Greek family from Cappadocia,[1] connected by birth to most of the great aristocratic nobles in Asia Minor.[2] His mother was a daughter of Basil Argyros, brother of the emperor Romanos III.[3] Courageous and generous, but also impetuous, Romanos rose with distinction in the army due to his military talents, and he served on the Danubian frontier.[4] At that time some parts from the theme of Bulgaria were organized as a new province with the centre at Serdica, and he became a duke of that province in 1067.[5] However, he was eventually convicted of attempting to usurp the throne of the sons of Constantine X Doukas in 1067.[1] While waiting to receive his sentence from the regent Eudokia Makrembolitissa, he was summoned into her presence and advised that she had pardoned him and that she had furthermore chosen him to be her husband and the guardian of her sons as emperor.[6] She took this course of action primarily due to her concern that unless she managed to find a powerful husband, she could easily lose the regency to any unscrupulous noble, and also because she was infatuated with the popular Romanos.[1] Her decision was met with little protest as the Seljuk Turks had overrun much of Cappadocia and had even taken the important city of Caesarea, meaning that the army needed to be placed under the command of an able and energetic general.[2]
   
   After a written oath promising never to remarry, extracted from Eudokia by Constantine X, had been set aside by the Patriarch of Constantinople, John Xiphilinos, and the approval of the senate obtained, on January 1, 1068 Romanos married the empress and was crowned Emperor of the Romans.[1]
   
   Campaigns against the Turks
   
   Gold histamenon of Romanos IV: Michael VII Doukas flanked by his brothers Andronikos and Konstantios on the obverse, Romanos IV and Eudokia Makrembolitissa crowned by Christ on the reverse
   Romanos IV was now the senior emperor and guardian of his stepsons and junior co-emperors, Michael VII, Konstantios, and Andronikos Doukas.[7] However, his elevation had antagonised not only the Doukas family,[citation needed] in particular the Caesar, John Doukas who led the opposition of the palace officials to Romanos' authority, but also the Varangian Guard, who openly expressed their discontent at the marriage of Eudokia.[8] Romanos therefore decided that he could only exercise his authority by placing himself at the head of the army in the field, thereby focusing the whole government's attention on the war against the Turks.[8]
   
   By 1067, the Turks had been making incursions at will into Mesopotamia, Melitene, Syria, Cilicia, and Cappadocia, culminating with the sack of Caesarea and the plundering of the Church of St Basil.[9] That winter they camped on the frontiers of the empire and waited for the next year's campaigning season. Romanos was confident of Byzantine superiority on the field of battle, looking on the Turks as little more than hordes of robbers who would melt away at the first encounter.[10] He did not take into account the degraded state of the Byzantine forces,[10] which had suffered years of neglect from his predecessors, in particular Constantine X Doukas. His forces, mostly composed of Sclavonian, Armenian, Bulgarian, and Frankish mercenaries, were ill-disciplined, disorganised, and uncoordinated, and he was not prepared to spend time in upgrading the arms, armour, or tactics of the once-feared Byzantine army.[11] It was soon evident that while Romanos possessed military talent, his impetuosity was a serious flaw.[citation needed]
   
   Campaign of 1068
   The first military operations of Romanos did achieve a measure of success, reinforcing his opinions about the outcome of the war. Antioch was exposed to the Saracens of Aleppo who, with help from Turkish troops, began an attempt to reconquer the Byzantine province of Syria.[12] Romanos began marching to the southeastern frontier of the empire to deal with this threat, but as he was advancing towards Lykandos, he received word that a Seljuk army had made an incursion into Pontus and had plundered Neocaesarea.[13] Immediately he selected a small mobile force and quickly raced through Sebaste and the mountains of Tephrike to encounter the Turks on the road, forcing them to abandon their plunder and release their prisoners, though a large number of the Turkish troops managed to escape.[13]
   
   Returning south, Romanos rejoined the main army, and they continued their advance through the passes of Mount Taurus to the north of Germanicia and proceeded to invade the Emirate of Aleppo.[13] Romanos captured Hierapolis, which he fortified to provide protection against further incursions into the south-eastern provinces of the empire.[11] He then engaged in further fighting against the Saracens of Aleppo, but neither side managed a decisive victory.[13] With the campaigning season reaching its end, Romanos returned north via Alexandretta and the Cilician Gates to Podandos. Here he was advised of another Seljuk raid into Asia Minor in which they sacked Amorium but returned to their base so fast that Romanos was in no position to give chase. He eventually reached Constantinople by January 1069.[13]
   
   Campaign of 1069
   
   Copper follis of Romanos IV. The obverse shows Christ Pantokrator, while the reverse depicts a cross quartered with the letters ???? for the motto Sta??? s?? ß???e? ??µa??? desp?t?? ("Thy Cross aid the Lord Romanos").[14]
   Plans for the following year's campaigning were initially thrown into chaos by a rebellion by one of Romanos' Norman mercenaries, Robert Crispin, who led a contingent of Frankish troops in the pay of the empire. Possibly due to Romanos not paying them on time,[15] they began plundering the countryside near where they were stationed at Edessa, and attacking the imperial tax collectors. Although Crispin was captured and exiled to Abydos, the Franks continued to ravage the Armeniac Theme for some time.[15] In the meantime, the land around Caesarea was again overrun by the Turks, forcing Romanos to spend precious time and energy in expelling the Turks from Cappadocia.[15] Desperate to begin his campaign proper, he ordered the execution of all prisoners, even a Seljuk chieftain who offered to pay an immense ransom for his life.[15] Having brought a measure of peace to the province, Romanos marched towards the Euphrates via Melitene, and crossed the river at Romanopolis, hoping to take Akhlat on Lake Van and thus protect the Armenian frontier.[15]
   
   Romanos placed himself at the head of a substantial body of troops and began his march towards Akhlat, leaving the bulk of the army under the command of Philaretos Brachamios with orders to defend the Mesopotamian frontier.[15] Philaretos was soon defeated by the Turks, whose sack of Iconium[4] forced Romanos to abandon his plans and return to Sebaste. He sent orders to the Dux of Antioch to secure the passes at Mopsuestia, while he attempted to run down the Turks at Heracleia.[15] The Turks were soon hemmed in in the mountains of Cilicia, but they managed to escape to Aleppo after abandoning their plunder. Romanos once again returned to Constantinople without the great victory he was hoping for.[15]
   
   Affairs at Constantinople
   Romanos was detained at Constantinople[11] in 1070, while he dealt with many outstanding administrative issues, including the imminent fall of Bari into Norman hands. They had been besieging it since 1068, but it had taken Romanos two years to respond.[16] He ordered a relief fleet to set sail, containing sufficient provisions and troops to enable them to hold out for much longer. The fleet was intercepted, however, and defeated by a Norman squadron under the command of Roger, the younger brother of Robert Guiscard,[16] forcing the final remaining outpost of Byzantine authority in Italy to surrender on 15 April 1071.[17]
   
   Meanwhile, Romanos was undertaking a number of unpopular reforms at home.[11] He reduced a great deal of unnecessary public expenditure on court ceremonials and beautifying the capital.[18] He reduced the public salaries paid to much of the court nobility, as well as reducing the profits of tradesmen. His preoccupation with the military had also made him unpopular with the provincial governors and the military hierarchy, as he was determined to ensure they could not abuse their positions, especially through corrupt practices.[18] He incurred the displeasure of the mercenaries by enforcing much needed discipline. Romanos was also deeply unpopular with the common people, as he neglected to entertain them with games at the hippodrome, nor did he alleviate the burdens of the peasants in the provinces.[18] All this animosity would help his enemies when the time came that they moved against him.
   
   Nevertheless, he did not forget his principal target, the Turks. Being unable to go on campaign himself,[11] he entrusted the imperial army to one of his generals, Manuel Komnenos, nephew of the former emperor Isaac I, and elder brother to the future emperor Alexios.[19] He managed to engage the Turks in battle, but was defeated and taken prisoner by a Turkish general named Khroudj. Manuel convinced Khroudj to go to Constantinople and see Romanos in person to conclude an alliance, which was soon completed.[19] This act motivated the Seljuk Sultan Alp Arslan to attack the Byzantine Empire, besieging and capturing the important Byzantine fortresses of Manzikert and Archesh.[20] Romanos, in return, offered to officially exchange Manzikert and Archesh for Hieropolis in Syria, which Romanos had taken three years previously.[20]
   
   Battle of Manzikert and capture by Alp Arslan
   Main article: Battle of Manzikert
   
   Alp Arslan humiliating Emperor Romanos IV. From a 15th-century illustrated French translation of Boccaccio's De Casibus Virorum Illustrium.
   Early in the spring of 1071, whilst conducting negotiations with Alp Arslan over Manzikert,[20] Romanos marched at the head of a large army with the intent of recovering the fortress.[21] It was soon evident that the army had a serious discipline problem, with soldiers regularly pillaging the area around their nightly camps. When Romanos attempted to enforce some stricter discipline, a whole regiment of German mercenaries mutinied, which the emperor only managed to control with the greatest difficulty.[22]
   
   Believing that Alp Arslan was nowhere near Manzikert, he decided to divide his army. One part of the army he dispatched to attack Akhlat, at that time in possession of the Turks.[23] Romanos himself advanced with the main body of the army on Manzikert, which he soon recaptured.[23] At this point his advance guard met the Seljuk army, which was rapidly approaching Manzikert. Romanos ordered the forces attacking Akhlat to rejoin the army, but their portion of the army unexpectedly came across another large Turkish army, forcing them to retreat back into Mesopotamia.[23] Already under strength, Romanos' army was further weakened when his Uzes mercenaries deserted to the Turks.[24]
   
   Arslan had no desire to take on the Byzantine army, so he proposed a peace treaty with favourable terms for Romanos.[24] The emperor, eager for a decisive military victory, rejected the offer, and both armies lined up for a battle, which took place on August 26, 1071.[25] The battle lasted all day without either side gaining any decisive advantage, until the emperor ordered a part of his centre to return to camp. The order was misunderstood by the right wing,[26] however, and Andronikos Doukas, who commanded the reserves, and was the son of Caesar John Doukas, took advantage of the confusion to betray Romanos. Claiming that Romanos was dead, he marched away from the battle with some 30,000 men, instead of covering the emperor's retreat.[27] The Turks now began to press in on the Byzantine army.
   
   When Romanos discovered what had happened, he tried to recover the situation by making a defiant stand. He fought on valiantly after his horse was killed under him, but he received a wound in the hand, which prevented him from wielding a sword, and he was soon taken prisoner.[28]
   
   According to a number of Byzantine historians, including John Skylitzes, Arslan at first had difficulty believing the dusty and tattered warrior brought before him was the Roman Emperor.[29] He then stepped down from his seat and placed his foot on Romanos' neck.[30] After this sign of ritual humiliation, however, Arslan raised Romanos from the ground and ordered him to be treated like a king. From then on he treated him with extreme kindness, never saying a cruel word to him during the Emperor's eight-day stay in his camp.[30] He then released the Emperor in exchange for a treaty and the promise of a hefty ransom. At first Alp Arslan suggested a ransom of 10,000,000 nomismata to Romanos IV, but he later reduced it to 1,500,000 nomismata, with a further 360,000 nomismata annually.[18]
   
   Betrayal
   In the meantime, the opposition faction scheming against Romanos IV decided to exploit the situation. The Caesar John Doukas and Michael Psellos forced Eudokia to retire to a monastery, and they prevailed upon Michael VII to declare Romanos IV deposed.[17] They then refused to honor the agreement made between Arslan and the former emperor.[31] Romanos soon returned, and he and the Doukas family gathered troops. A battle was fought at Dokeia between Constantine and Andronikos Doukas and Romanos, in which the army of Romanos was defeated,[citation needed] forcing him to retreat to the fortress of Tyropoion, and from there to Adana in Cilicia. Pursued by Andronikos, he was eventually forced to surrender by the garrison at Adana upon receiving assurances of his personal safety.[32] Before leaving the fortress, he collected all the money he could lay his hands on and sent it to the Sultan as proof of his good faith, along with a message: "As emperor, I promised you a ransom of a million and a half. Dethroned, and about to become dependent upon others, I send you all I possess as proof of my gratitude".[33]
   
   Andronikos stipulated that his life would be spared if he resigned the purple and retired into a monastery. Romanos agreed, and this agreement was ratified at Constantinople.[33] However, John Doukas reneged on the agreement and sent men to have Romanos cruelly blinded on 29 June 1072 in Kotyaion. According to Attaleiates, the emperor was lead away, pleading for mercy, to be blinded by an "inexperienced Jew" who required three attempts to blind the emperor while he "bellowed like a bull". Per Attaleiates, "when he arose, his eyes were drenched with blood, a pathetic and pitiable sight that made everyone who saw it cry uncontrollably." He was then sent into exile to Prote in the Sea of Marmara. Without medical assistance, his wound became infected, and he soon endured a painfully lingering death.[citation needed] The final insult was given a few days before his death, when Romanos received a letter from Michael Psellos, congratulating him on the loss of his eyes.[34] He finally died, praying for the forgiveness of his sins, and his widow Eudokia was permitted to honor his remains with a magnificent funeral.[33] "His enemies", wrote John Julius Norwich, "martyred a courageous and upright man."
   
   Family
   By his first wife, an unnamed daughter of Alusian of Bulgaria, Romanos IV Diogenes had at least one son:
   
   Constantine Diogenes, who was married to Theodora, sister of Alexios I Komnenos.[35] This marriage was arranged by Anna Dalassena after the death of Romanos IV,[36] but it was short-lived, as Constantine perished under the walls of Antioch in 1073 while serving with his brother-in-law Isaac Komnenos.[37]
   By his second wife, the Empress Eudokia Makrembolitissa, he had:
   
   Leo Diogenes – born in 1069, and according to Anna Comnena was made co-emperor during his father's reign.[38] In the reign of Alexius I, he was taken into the imperial palace and given various high commands. He died in Alexius's campaigns against the Pechenegs in 1087.[citation needed]
   Nikephoros Diogenes – born in 1070, made Co-emperor upon his birth.
   See also
   flag Byzantine Empire portal
   List of Byzantine emperors
   Notes
   Norwich 1993, p. 344
   Finlay 1854, p. 30
   Cheynet & Vannier 2003, p. 78.
   Kazhdan 1991, p. 1807
   Alexandru Madgearu, Ruled indeed Basil Apokapes the Paradunavon Theme?, "Acta Musei Varnensis", 3 (The Bulgarian Lands in the Middle Ages, 7th-18th Centuries. International Conference. A tribute to Prof. Alexander Kuzev's 70th anniversary, Varna, September 12th-14th, 2002), Varna, 2005, p. 273-282.
   Finlay 1854, p. 29
   Dumbarton Oaks 1973, p. 785.
   Finlay 1854, p. 31
   Norwich 1993, p. 343
   Finlay 1854, p. 32
   Norwich 1993, p. 345
   Finlay 1854, p. 33
   Finlay 1854, p. 34
   Soloviev 1935, pp. 156– 158
   Finlay 1854, p. 35
   Finlay 1854, p. 45
   Norwich 1993, p. 355
   Finlay 1854, p. 42
   Finlay 1854, p. 36
   Norwich 1993, p. 347
   Norwich 1993, p. 346
   Finlay 1854, p. 38
   Norwich 1993, p. 348
   Norwich 1993, p. 349
   Norwich 1993, p. 351
   Finlay 1854, p. 41
   Norwich 1993, p. 352
   Norwich 1993, p. 353
   Norwich 1993b, p. 353
   Norwich 1993, p. 354
   Norwich 1993, p. 358
   Norwich 1993, p. 356
   Finlay 1854, p. 44
   Norwich 1993b, pg 357
   Finlay 1854, p. 74
   Garland 2007.
   Kazhdan 1991, p. 627
   Comnena, Book 9, Chapter 6.
   References
   Primary sources
   Comnena, Anna, The Alexiad
   Secondary sources
   Dumbarton Oaks (1973), Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection: Leo III to Nicephorus III, 717– 1081, p. 785
   Cheynet, J.C.; Vannier, J.F. (2003), "Les Argyroi", Zbornik Radova Vizantološkog Instituta (in French), 40, pp. 57– 90
   Finlay, George (1854), History of the Byzantine and Greek Empires from 1057– 1453, 2, William Blackwood & Sons
   Garland, Lynda (25 May 2007), Anna Dalassena, Mother of Alexius I Comnenus (1081– 1118), DIR
   Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991), Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6
   Norwich, John Julius (1993), Byzantium: The Apogee, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-011448-3
   Norwich, John Julius (1993b) [1992], Byzantium: The Apogee, Byzantium, II
   Soloviev, A.V. (1935), "Les emblèmes héraldiques de Byzance et les Slaves", Seminarium Kondakovianum (in French), 7: 119– 164
   Further reading
   Psellos, Michael, Chronographia
   Attaleiates, Michael, The History
   External links
   Wikimedia Commons has media related to Romanos IV Diogenes.
   Romanus IV Diogenes
   History of Michael Attaliates
   Romanos IV Diogenes
   Doukid dynasty
   Born: unknown Died: 1072
   Regnal titles
   Preceded by
   Constantine X Byzantine Emperor
   1 January 1068 – 24 October 1071 Succeeded by
   Michael VII
   vte
   Roman and Byzantine emperors
   Authority control Edit this at Wikidata
   GND: 1084587270LCCN: n82110125VIAF: 464145858107323021971WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 464145858107323021971
   Categories: 11th-century Byzantine emperorsDoukid dynastyByzantine people of the Byzantine– Seljuq WarsByzantine prisoners of warMonarchs imprisoned and detained during war1072 deathsEastern Orthodox monarchsDiogenes familyByzantine people of Armenian descent1060s in the Byzantine Empire1070s in the Byzantine Empire

Gleicher Geburts-/Todestag

• Auch verstorben am 4. August

Über den Familiennamen Diogenes

• Zeigen Sie die Informationen an, über die Genealogie Online verfügt über den Nachnamen Diogenes.
• Überprüfen Sie die Informationen, die Open Archives hat über Diogenes.
• Überprüfen Sie im Register Wie (onder)zoekt wie?, wer den Familiennamen Diogenes (unter)sucht.