Familienstammbaum Vijgh » Hugo Callenberg (1891-1974)

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1. Honolulu, Hawaii Passenger Lists, 1900-1953, via https://www.myheritage.nl/research/colle...

   Hugo Callenberg<br>Geslacht: Man<br>Geboorte: Circa 1892<br>Aankomst: Honolulu, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States<br>Leeftijd: 59<br>Oorsprong:  Netherland <br>Schip: Lurline<br>Broninformatie: Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at Honolulu, Hawaii, 1900-1953 (National Archives Microfilm Publication A3422, roll 260, line number 24, record id 007501263_00534_23).<br>Departure from: San Francisco

   Immigration to Hawaii was primarily driven by the need for labor on rice, sugar, and pineapple plantations. This need was filled by young male immigrants who arrived in Hawaii under labor contracts, typically lasting a minimum of five years. After they completed their labor contracts those immigrant laborers who remained in Hawaii would send for their families. There was often a shortage of eligible single females, so many marriages were arranged via postcards with the bride immigrating without having ever met her future husband. The Hawaiian Organic Act of 1900 considered labor contracts exploitative and declared the contracts, “null and void and terminated” and stated that “no law shall be passed to enforce said contracts in any way.” However, contracts established prior to 1898 were still considered legal. The elimination of labor contracts accelerated immigration as new immigrants were not obligated to remain on a plantation and could quickly move on to other work. No longer forced to reside on plantations, entire families were able to immigrate together. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 and the United States’ subsequent involvement in World War II drastically impacted immigration in Hawaii. The day following the attack President Franklin D. Roosevelt suspended all immigration and naturalization proceedings for Italian, German, and Japanese immigrants. All existing immigrants from Italy, Germany, and Japan were required to register with the U.S. government, had their travel restricted, and were prohibited from possessing any items considered a threat to the United States, such as cameras and radios. There were three groups of Asian immigrants who had a particular impact on Hawaii. The first substantial wave of immigrants to arrive in Honolulu were Chinese plantation workers. They arrived under labor contracts to work on rice farms. Following the completion of their labor contract, as many as two-thirds of Chinese laborers remained in Hawaii. Former laborers went on to successfully found banks and businesses and they would become one of the first middle class groups in Hawaii. Racism and discrimination led to a general fear of Chinese immigrants and the Federal Government, as well as individual states, adopted extreme measures against the Chinese. The Federal Government passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, effectively eliminating any Chinese immigration until its repeal in 1943. Japanese laborers were the next significant group of immigrants. Hundreds of thousands of Japanese immigrants arrived before the Asian Exclusion Act of 1924, which essentially halted any new immigration from Asia. They arrived to work on sugar plantations and following the completion of their labor contracts many stayed and sent for their families. Japanese immigrants were often suspected of supporting the Japanese Empire during World War II and faced extreme discrimination. Over one-third of Hawaii’s population during World War II, nearly 150,000 people, had Japanese ancestry. Until the 2010 U.S. census, Japanese immigrants and their descendants made up the largest ethnic group in Hawaii. The third substantial group of immigrants were Filipinos who began to arrive shortly after the conclusion of the Philippine-American War. Filipinos were considered American nationals and had an easier time immigrating to Honolulu as they were exempt from the Immigration Act of 1924. They were not bound to any labor contracts because they arrived after the Hawaiian Organic Act was passed and quickly made up half of the sugar plantations’ labor force. Even though they were American nationals, Filipinos were not exempt from discrimination. In 1934, the Tydings-McDuffie Act brought an end to Filipino immigration. The Act set a yearly quota of only 50 Filipino immigrants. The Filipino Repatriation Act was passed in 1935 and provided free one-way travel back to the Philippines for Filipino immigrants. When the Philippines was granted independence from the United States on July 4, 1946, the Luce-Celler Act allowed for the immigration of only 100 Filipinos per year.

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Historische Ereignisse

• Geburtstag 20. August 1891
• Sterbedatum 20. November 1974

Gleicher Geburts-/Todestag

• Auch geboren am 20. August
• Auch verstorben am 20. November

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