Genealogie Wylie » Leopold II Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor [[ChWikibio]] sss (1747-1792)

Persönliche Daten Leopold II Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor [[ChWikibio]] sss 

• Er wurde geboren am 5. Mai 1747 in Schloß Schonbrunn, Vienna, Austria, Holy Roman Empire.Quelle 1
• Alternative: Er wurde geboren am 5. Mai 1747.
• Er ist verstorben am 1. März 1792 in Vienna, Austria, Holy Roman Empire, er war 44 Jahre alt.Quelle 1
• Ein Kind von Francis III (I) Stephen of Lorraine und Maria Theresia Habsburg
• Diese Information wurde zuletzt aktualisiert am 23. März 2023.

Familie von Leopold II Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor [[ChWikibio]] sss

Er ist verheiratet mit Luisa Maria Bourbon.

Sie haben geheiratet am 5. August 1765 in Innsburck, Austria, er war 18 Jahre alt.Quelle 1

Kind(er):

1. Theresa Maria Habsburg  1767-????
2. Francis II Holy Roman Emperor  1768-1835 
3. Ferdinand III Grand Duke of Tuscany  1769-1824 
4. Ludwig Karl Habsburg  1771-????
5. Leopold Habsburg  1772-????
6. Josef Anton Habsburg  1776-1847 
7. Clementina Maria Habsburg  1777-???? 
8. Anton Viktor Habsburg  1779-????
9. Johann Baptiste Habsburg  1782-????
10. Rainer Habsburg  1783-????
11. Ludwig Josef Habsburg  1784-????
12. Maria Theresa Habsburg-Lorraine  
13. Francis II Habsburg-Lorraine  
14. Ferdinand III Habsburg-Lorraine  
15. Maria Anna Habsburg-Lorraine  
16. Charles Habsburg-Lorraine  
17. Alexander Leopold Habsburg-Lorraine  
18. Albrecht Johann Joseph Habsburg-Lorraine  
19. Maximilian Johann Joseph Habsburg-Lorraine  1774-1778
20. Joseph Habsburg-Lorraine  
21. Maria Clementina Habsburg-Lorraine  1777-1801 
22. Anton Habsburg-Lorraine  
23. Maria-Amalia Habsburg-Lorraine  1780-1798
24. John Habsburg-Lorraine  
25. Rainer Habsburg-Lorraine  
26. Louis Habsburg-Lorraine  
27. Rudolph Habsburg-Lorraine  

Notizen bei Leopold II Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor [[ChWikibio]] sss

Reign 1790-92 Leopold II (May 5, 1747 – March 1, 1792) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1790 to 1792 and Grand-duke of Tuscany. He was the son of the Empress Maria Theresa and her husband, Francis Stephen of Lorraine. Leopold was one of the so-called "enlightened monarchs".

Leopold was born in Vienna, a third son, and was at first educated forthe priesthood, but the theological studies to which he was forced to apply himself are believed to have influenced his mind in a way unfavourable to the Church. On the death of his elder brother Charles in1761, it was decided that he should succeed to his father's grand duchy of Tuscany, which was erected into a "secundogeniture" or apanage for a second son. This settlement was the condition of his marriage on August 5, 1764 with Maria Louisa, daughter of Charles III of Spain, and on the death of his father Francis I (August 13, 1765), he succeeded to the grand duchy.

For five years, he exercised little more than nominal authority, under the supervision of counsellors appointed by his mother. In 1770, he made a journey to Vienna to secure the removal of this vexatious guardianship and returned to Florence with a free hand. During the twenty years which elapsed between his return to Florence and the death of his eldest brother Joseph II in 1790, he was employed in reforming the administration of his small state. The reformation was carried out by the removal of the ruinous restrictions on industry and personal freedom imposed by his predecessors of the house of Medici and left untouched during his father's life, by the introduction of a rational system of taxation, and by the execution of profitable public works, such as the drainage of the Val di Chiana.

As he had no army to maintain, and as he suppressed the small naval forcekept up by the Medici, the whole of his revenue was left free for theimprovement of his state. Leopold was never popular with his Italiansubjects. His disposition was cold and retiring. His habits were simpleto the verge of sordidness, though he could display splendour onoccasion, and he could not help offending those of his subjects who hadprofited by the abuses of the Medicean régime. But his steady,consistent, and intelligent administration, which advanced step by step,brought the grand duchy to a high level of material prosperity. Hisecclesiastical policy, which disturbed the deeply rooted convictions ofhis people and brought him into collision with the pope, was notsuccessful. He was unable to secularize the property of the religioushouses or to put the clergy entirely under the control of the lay power.

During the last few years of his rule in Tuscany, Leopold had begun to be frightened by the increasing disorders in the German and Hungarian dominions of his family, which were the direct result of his brother's headlong methods. He and Joseph II were tenderly attached to one anotherand met frequently both before and after the death of their mother. Theportrait by Pompeo Baltoni in which they appear together shows that theybore a strong personal resemblance to one another. But it may be said ofLeopold, as of Fontenelle, that his heart was made of brains. He knewthat he must succeed his childless eldest brother in Austria, and he wasunwilling to inherit his unpopularity. When, therefore, in 1789 Joseph,who knew himself to be dying, asked him to come to Vienna and becomeco-regent, Leopold coldly evaded the request. He was still in Florencewhen Joseph II died at Vienna on February 20, 1790, and he did not leavehis Italian capital until March 3.

Leopold, during his government in Tuscany, had shown a speculativetendency to grant his subjects a constitution. When he succeeded to theAustrian lands, he began by making large concessions to the interestsoffended by his brother's innovations. He recognized the Estates of hisdifferent dominions as "the pillars of the monarchy," pacified theHungarians, and divided the Belgian insurgents by concessions. When thesefailed to restore order, he marched troops into the country andre-established his own authority, and at the same time the historicfranchises of the Flemings. Yet he did not surrender any part that couldbe retained of what Maria Theresa and Joseph had done to strengthen thehands of the state. He continued, for instance, to insist that no papalbull could be published in his dominions without his consent (placetumregium).

If Leopold's reign as emperor and king of Hungary and Bohemia had been prolonged during years of peace, it is probable that he would have repeated his successes as a reforming ruler in Tuscany on a far larger scale. But he lived for barely two years, and during that period he was hard pressed by peril from west and east alike. The growing revolutionary disorders in France endangered the life of his sister Marie Antoinette, the queen of Louis XVI, and also threatened his own dominions with thespread of a subversive agitation. His sister sent him passionate appealsfor help, and he was pestered by the royalist emigrants, who were intriguing to bring about armed intervention in France.

From the east he was threatened by the aggressive ambition of Catherine II of Russia and by the unscrupulous policy of Prussia. Catherine would have been delighted to see Austria and Prussia embark on a crusade in the cause of kings against the French Revolution. While they were busy beyond the Rhine, she would have annexed what remained of Poland made conquests in Turkey. Leopold II had no difficulty in seeing through the rather transparent cunning of the Russian empress, and he refused to be misled.

To his sister, he gave good advice and promises of help if she and herhusband could escape from Paris. The emigrants who followed himpertinaciously were refused audience, or when they forced themselves onhim, were peremptorily denied all help. Leopold was too purely apolitician not to be secretly pleased at the destruction of the power ofFrance and of her influence in Europe by her internal disorders. Within six weeks of his accession, he displayed his contempt for her weakness bypractically tearing up the treaty of alliance made by Maria Theresa in1756 and opening negotiations with England to impose a check on Russia and Prussia.

He was able to put pressure on England by threatening to cede his part of the Low Countries to France. Then, when sure of English support, he was in a position to baffle the intrigues of Prussia. A personal appeal to Frederick William II led to a conference between them at Reichenbach inJuly 1790, and to an arrangement which was in fact a defeat for Prussia: Leopold's coronation as king of Hungary on November 11, 1790, preceded bya settlement with the diet in which he recognized the dominant positionof the Magyars. He had already made an eight months' truce with the Turksin September, which prepared the way for the termination of the war begunby Joseph II, the peace of Sistova being signed in August 1791. The pacification of his eastern dominions left Leopold free to re-establish order in Belgium and to confirm friendly relations with England and Holland.

During 1791, the emperor continued to be increasingly preoccupied withthe affairs of France. In January, he had to dismiss the Count of Artois,afterwards Charles X, king of France, in a very peremptory way. His goodsense was revolted by the folly of the French emigrants, and he did hisutmost to avoid being entangled in the affairs of that country. The insults inflicted on Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, however, at the time of their attempted flight to Varennes in June, stirred his indignation, and he made a general appeal to the sovereigns of Europe to take common measures in view of events which "immediately compromised the honour of all sovereigns, and the security of all governments." Yet he was most directly interested in the conference at Sistova, which in June led to a final peace with Turkey.

On August 25, he met the king of Prussia at Pillnitz, near Dresden, and they drew up a declaration of their readiness to intervene in France if and when their assistance was called for by the other powers. The declaration was a mere formality, for, as Leopold knew, neither Russian or England was prepared to act, and he endeavoured to guard against the use which he foresaw the emigrants would endeavour to make of it. In face of the agitation caused by the Pillnitz declaration in France, the intrigues of the emigrants, and the attacks made by the French revolutionists on the rights of the German princes in Alsace, Leopold continued to hope that intervention might not be required.

When Louis XVI swore to observe the constitution of September 1791, the emperor professed to think that a settlement had been reached in France. The attacks on the rights of the German princes on the left bank of the Rhine, and the increasing violence of the parties in Paris which were agitating to bring about war, soon showed, however, that this hope was vain. Leopold met the threatening language of the revolutionists with dignity and temper. His sudden death was an irreparable loss to Austria.

Leopold had sixteen children, the eldest of his eight sons being his successor, the emperor Francis II. Some of his other sons were prominent personages in their day. Among them were: Ferdinand III, Grand Duke ofTuscany; the Archduke Charles, a celebrated soldier; the Archduke John, also a soldier; the Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary; and the Archduke Rainer, Viceroy of Lombardy-Venetia.

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