Genealogie Wylie » Charles II King of (Charles II, King of) England , Scotland and Ireland [[Ch-Wikibio]] sss (1630-1685)

Persönliche Daten Charles II King of (Charles II, King of) England , Scotland and Ireland [[Ch-Wikibio]] sss 


Familie von Charles II King of (Charles II, King of) England , Scotland and Ireland [[Ch-Wikibio]] sss

(1) Er hat eine Beziehung mit Barbara Villiers.

They were never married, and thus the children could not make alegitimate claim to the throne. However, the sons were given substantialtitles.


Kind(er):

  3. Charlotte Fitzroy  1664-???? 
  5. Barbara Fitzroy  1672-1737 


(2) Er hat eine Beziehung mit Duchess Louise Kerquaille of Portsmouth.


Kind(er):

  1. Charles Lennox  1672-1723 


(3) Er hat eine Beziehung mit Lady Lucy Walter of Haverford.


Kind(er):



(4) Er hat eine Beziehung mit Nell Gywnne.


Kind(er):



(5) Er hat eine Beziehung mit Princess Catarina of Portugal.


(6) Er hat eine Beziehung mit Mary Moll Davies.


Kind(er):

  1. Mary Tudor  1673-???? 


(7) Er hat eine Beziehung mit Elizabeth Killigrew.


Kind(er):



(8) Er hat eine Beziehung mit Catherine Pegge.


Kind(er):

  4. Catherine Mary Stuart  1652-1741 


Notizen bei Charles II King of (Charles II, King of) England , Scotland and Ireland [[Ch-Wikibio]] sss

=========
WIKIPEDIA
=========
Source above, includes portraits, paintings, maps and other
items not below; and working links and updates, is
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England

Charles II of England
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Charles II
Image
Charles in Garter robes by John Michael Wright or studio, c. 1660–1665
King of England, Scotland and Ireland
(more...)
Reign29 May 1660[a] – 6 February 1685
Coronation23 April 1661
PredecessorCharles I (1649)
SuccessorJames II & VII
King of Scotland
Reign30 January 1649 – 3 September 1651[b]
Coronation1 January 1651
PredecessorCharles I
SuccessorMilitary government

Born29 May 1630
(N.S.: 8 June 1630)
St James's Palace, London, England
Died6 February 1685 (aged 54)
(N.S.: 16 February 1685)
Whitehall Palace, London, England
Burial14 February 1685
Westminster Abbey, London, England
SpouseCatherine of Braganza

(m. 1662)
Illegitimate children
detail...James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth
Charlotte FitzRoy, Countess of Yarmouth
Charles FitzCharles, 1st Earl of Plymouth
Catherine FitzCharles
Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Cleveland
Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton
Charlotte Lee, Countess of Lichfield
George FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Northumberland
Charles Beauclerk, 1st Duke of St Albans
Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond
Lady Mary Tudor
HouseStuart
FatherCharles I of England
MotherHenrietta Maria of France
SignatureImage
Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685)[c] was King of Scotland from 1649 until 1651, and King of England, Scotland and Ireland from the 1660 Restoration of the monarchy until his death in 1685.
Charles II was the eldest surviving child of Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland and Henrietta Maria of France. After Charles I's execution at Whitehall on 30 January 1649, at the climax of the English Civil War, the Parliament of Scotland proclaimed Charles II king on 5 February 1649. But England entered the period known as the English Interregnum or the English Commonwealth, and the country was a de facto republic led by Oliver Cromwell. Cromwell defeated Charles II at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, and Charles fled to mainland Europe. Cromwell became virtual dictator of England, Scotland and Ireland. Charles spent the next nine years in exile in France, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Netherlands. The political crisis that followed Cromwell's death in 1658 resulted in the restoration of the monarchy, and Charles was invited to return to Britain. On 29 May 1660, his 30th birthday, he was received in London to public acclaim. After 1660, all legal documents stating a regnal year did so as if he had succeeded his father as king in 1649.
Charles's English parliament enacted laws known as the Clarendon Code, designed to shore up the position of the re-established Church of England. Charles acquiesced to the Clarendon Code even though he favoured a policy of religious tolerance. The major foreign policy issue of his early reign was the Second Anglo-Dutch War. In 1670, he entered into the Treaty of Dover, an alliance with his cousin King Louis XIV of France. Louis agreed to aid him in the Third Anglo-Dutch War and pay him a pension, and Charles secretly promised to convert to Catholicism at an unspecified future date. Charles attempted to introduce religious freedom for Catholics and Protestant dissenters with his 1672 Royal Declaration of Indulgence, but the English Parliament forced him to withdraw it. In 1679, Titus Oates's revelations of a supposed Popish Plot sparked the Exclusion Crisis when it was revealed that Charles's brother and heir presumptive, James, Duke of York, had become a Roman Catholic. The crisis saw the birth of the pro-exclusion Whig and anti-exclusion Tory parties. Charles sided with the Tories, and after the discovery of the Rye House Plot to murder Charles and James in 1683, some Whig leaders were executed or forced into exile. Charles dissolved the English Parliament in 1681 and ruled alone until his death in 1685. He was allegedly received into the Catholic Church on his deathbed.
Traditionally considered one of the most popular English kings,[1] Charles is known as the Merry Monarch, a reference to the liveliness and hedonism of his court. He acknowledged at least 12 illegitimate children by various mistresses, but left no legitimate children and was succeeded by his brother, James.

Contents
1Early life, civil war and exile
2Restoration
2.1Clarendon Code
2.2Great Plague and Great Fire
3Foreign policy and marriage
4Conflict with Parliament
5Science
6Later years
6.1Absolute monarch
6.2Death
7Legacy
8Titles, styles, honours and arms
8.1Titles and styles
8.2Honours
8.3Arms
9Issue
10Genealogical table
11Notes
12References
13Bibliography
14Further reading
15External links
Early life, civil war and exile[edit]
Image
Charles II as an infant in 1630, painting attributed to Justus van Egmont
Charles II was born at St James's Palace on 29 May 1630, eldest surviving son of Charles I, king of England, Scotland and Ireland, and his wife Henrietta Maria, sister of Louis XIII of France. Charles was their second child, the first being a son born about a year before who died within a day.[2] He was baptised on 27 June in the Chapel Royal by William Laud, a future Archbishop of Canterbury, and during his infancy was supervised by the Protestant Countess of Dorset. His godparents included his maternal uncle Louis XIII and maternal grandmother, Marie de' Medici, the Dowager Queen of France, both of whom were Catholics.[3] At birth, Charles automatically became Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay, along with several other associated titles. At or around his eighth birthday, he was designated Prince of Wales, though he was never formally invested.[2]
In August 1642, the long-running dispute between his father and Parliament culminated in the outbreak of the First English Civil War. In October, Charles and his younger brother James were present at the Battle of Edgehill and spent the next two years based in the Royalist capital of Oxford. In January 1645, he was given his own Council and made titular head of Royalist forces in the West Country.[4] By spring 1646, most of the region had been occupied by Parliamentarian forces and Charles went into exile to avoid capture. From Falmouth, he went first to the Isles of Scilly, then to Jersey, and finally to France, where his mother was already living under the protection of his first cousin, the eight-year-old Louis XIV.[5] Charles I surrendered into captivity in May 1646.
During the Second English Civil War in 1648, Charles moved to The Hague, where his sister Mary and his brother-in-law William II, Prince of Orange, seemed more likely to provide substantial aid to the Royalist cause than his mother's French relations.[6] Although part of the Parliamentarian fleet defected, it did not reach Scotland in time to join up with the Royalist Engager army led by the Duke of Hamilton before it was defeated at Preston by the New Model Army.[7]
Portrait by William Dobson, c. 1642 or 1643
At The Hague, Charles had a brief affair with Lucy Walter, who later falsely claimed that they had secretly married.[8] Her son, James Crofts (afterwards Duke of Monmouth and Duke of Buccleuch), was one of Charles's many illegitimate children who became prominent in British society.[2] Despite his son's diplomatic efforts to save him, the Execution of Charles I took place in January 1649, and England became a republic. On 5 February, the Covenanter Parliament of Scotland proclaimed Charles II "King of Great Britain, France and Ireland" at the Mercat Cross, Edinburgh,[9] but refused to allow him to enter Scotland unless he agreed to establish Presbyterianism as the state religion in all three of his kingdoms.
When negotiations with the Scots stalled, Charles authorised Lord Montrose to land in the Orkney Islands with a small army to threaten the Scots with invasion, in the hope of forcing an agreement more to his liking. Montrose feared that Charles would accept a compromise, and so chose to invade mainland Scotland anyway. He was captured and executed. Charles reluctantly promised that he would abide by the terms of a treaty agreed between him and the Scots Parliament at Breda, and support the Solemn League and Covenant, which authorised Presbyterian church governance across Britain. Upon his arrival in Scotland on 23 June 1650, he formally agreed to the Covenant; his abandonment of Episcopal church governance, although winning him support in Scotland, left him unpopular in England. Charles himself soon came to despise the "villainy" and "hypocrisy" of the Covenanters.[10] Charles was provided with a Scottish court, and the record of his food and household expenses at Falkland Palace and Perth survives.[11]
Image
Cast gold coronation medal of Charles II, dated 1651
His coronation led to the Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652) and on 3 September 1650, the Covenanters were defeated at Dunbar by a much smaller force commanded by Oliver Cromwell. The Scots were divided between moderate Engagers and the more radical Kirk Party, who even fought each other. Disillusioned by these divisions, in October Charles rode north to join an Engager force, an event which became known as "the Start", but within two days members of the Kirk Party had recovered him.[12] Nevertheless, the Scots remained Charles's best hope of restoration, and he was crowned King of Scotland at Scone Abbey on 1 January 1651. With Cromwell's forces threatening Charles's position in Scotland, it was decided to mount an attack on England but many of their most experienced soldiers had been excluded on religious grounds by the Kirk Party, whose leaders also refused to participate, among them Lord Argyll. Opposition to what was primarily a Scottish army meant few English Royalists joined as it moved south and the invasion ended in defeat at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651. Charles managed to escape and after six weeks landed in Normandy on 16 October, despite a reward of £1,000 on his head, risk of death for anyone caught helping him and the difficulty in disguising Charles, who, at over 6 ft (1.8 m), was unusually tall for the time.[13][d]
Image
Charles in exile, painted by Philippe de Champaigne, c. 1653
Under the Instrument of Government passed by Parliament, Cromwell was appointed Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1653, effectively placing the British Isles under military rule. Charles lived a life of leisure at Saint-Germain-en-Laye near Paris,[15] living on a grant from Louis XIV of 600 livres a month.[16] Charles could not obtain sufficient finance or support to mount a serious challenge to Cromwell's government. Despite the Stuart family connections through Henrietta Maria and the Princess of Orange, France and the Dutch Republic allied themselves with Cromwell's government from 1654, forcing Charles to leave France and turn for aid to Spain, which at that time ruled the Southern Netherlands.[17]
Charles made the Treaty of Brussels with Spain in 1656. This gathered Spanish support for a restoration in return for Charles's contribution to the war against France. Charles raised a ragtag army from his exiled subjects; this small, underpaid, poorly-equipped and ill-disciplined force formed the nucleus of the post-Restoration army.[18] The Commonwealth made the Treaty of Paris with France in 1657 to join them in war against Spain in the Netherlands. Royalist supporters in the Spanish force were led by Charles's younger brother James, Duke of York.[19] At the Battle of the Dunes in 1658, as part of the larger Spanish force, Charles's army of around 2,000 clashed with Commonwealth troops fighting with the French. By the end of the battle Charles's force was about 1,000 and with Dunkirk given to the English the prospect of a Royalist expedition to England was dashed.[20]
Restoration[edit]
Further information: Restoration (1660)
After the death of Cromwell in 1658, Charles's initial chances of regaining the Crown seemed slim; Cromwell was succeeded as Lord Protector by his son, Richard. However, the new Lord Protector had little experience of either military or civil administration. In 1659, the Rump Parliament was recalled and Richard resigned. During the civil and military unrest that followed, George Monck, the Governor of Scotland, was concerned that the nation would descend into anarchy.[21] Monck and his army marched into the City of London, and forced the Rump Parliament to re-admit members of the Long Parliament who had been excluded in December 1648, during Pride's Purge. The Long Parliament dissolved itself and there was a general election for the first time in almost 20 years.[22] The outgoing Parliament defined the electoral qualifications intending to bring about the return of a Presbyterian majority.[23]
The restrictions against royalist candidates and voters were widely ignored, and the elections resulted in a House of Commons that was fairly evenly divided on political grounds between Royalists and Parliamentarians and on religious grounds between Anglicans and Presbyterians.[23] The new so-called Convention Parliament assembled on 25 April 1660, and soon afterwards welcomed the Declaration of Breda, in which Charles promised lenience and tolerance. There would be liberty of conscience and Anglican church policy would not be harsh. He would not exile past enemies nor confiscate their wealth. There would be pardons for nearly all his opponents except the regicides. Above all, Charles promised to rule in cooperation with Parliament.[24] The English Parliament resolved to proclaim Charles king and invite him to return, a message that reached Charles at Breda on 8 May 1660.[25] In Ireland, a convention had been called earlier in the year, and had already declared for Charles. On 14 May, he was proclaimed king in Dublin.[26]
Charles sailed from his exile in the Netherlands to his restoration in England in May 1660. Painting by Lieve Verschuier.
He set out for England from Scheveningen, arrived in Dover on 25 May 1660 and reached London on 29 May, his 30th birthday. Although Charles and Parliament granted amnesty to nearly all of Cromwell's supporters in the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion, 50 people were specifically excluded.[27] In the end nine of the regicides were executed:[28] they were hanged, drawn and quartered, whereas others were given life imprisonment or simply excluded from office for life. The bodies of Oliver Cromwell, Henry Ireton and John Bradshaw were subjected to the indignity of posthumous decapitations.[29]
The English Parliament granted him an annual income to run the government of £1.2 million,[30] generated largely from customs and excise duties. The grant, however, proved to be insufficient for most of Charles's reign. For the most part, the actual revenue was much lower, which led to attempts to economise at court by reducing the size and expenses of the royal household[30] and raise money through unpopular innovations such as the hearth tax.[26]
In the latter half of 1660, Charles's joy at the Restoration was tempered by the deaths of his youngest brother, Henry, and sister, Mary, of smallpox. At around the same time, Anne Hyde, the daughter of the Lord Chancellor, Edward Hyde, revealed that she was pregnant by Charles's brother, James, whom she had secretly married. Edward Hyde, who had not known of either the marriage or the pregnancy, was created Earl of Clarendon and his position as Charles's favourite minister was strengthened.[31]
Clarendon Code[edit]
Image
Coronation portrait: Charles was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661.[32]
The Convention Parliament was dissolved in December 1660, and, shortly after the coronation, the second English Parliament of the reign assembled. Dubbed the Cavalier Parliament, it was overwhelmingly Royalist and Anglican. It sought to discourage non-conformity to the Church of England and passed several acts to secure Anglican dominance. The Corporation Act 1661 required municipal officeholders to swear allegiance;[33] the Act of Uniformity 1662 made the use of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer compulsory; the Conventicle Act 1664 prohibited religious assemblies of more than five people, except under the auspices of the Church of England; and the Five Mile Act 1665 prohibited expelled non-conforming clergymen from coming within five miles (8 km) of a parish from which they had been banished. The Conventicle and Five Mile Acts remained in effect for the remainder of Charles's reign. The Acts became known as the Clarendon Code, after Lord Clarendon, even though he was not directly responsible for them and even spoke against the Five Mile Act.[34]
The Restoration was accompanied by social change. Puritanism lost its momentum. Theatres reopened after having been closed during the protectorship of Oliver Cromwell, and bawdy "Restoration comedy" became a recognisable genre. Theatre licences granted by Charles required that female parts be played by "their natural performers", rather than by boys as was often the practice before;[35] and Restoration literature celebrated or reacted to the restored court, which included libertines such as John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester. Of Charles II, Wilmot supposedly said:
"We have a pretty, witty king,
Whose word no man relies on,
He never said a foolish thing,
And never did a wise one"[36]
To which Charles is reputed to have replied "that the matter was easily accounted for: For that his discourse was his own, his actions were the ministry's".[37]
Great Plague and Great Fire[edit]
In 1665, Charles was faced with a great health crisis: the Great Plague of London. The death toll reached a peak of 7,000 per week in the week of 17 September.[38] Charles, with his family and court, fled London in July to Salisbury; Parliament met in Oxford.[39] Plague cases ebbed over the winter, and Charles returned to London in February 1666.[40]
After a long spell of hot and dry weather through mid-1666, what later became known as the Great Fire of London started on 2 September 1666 in a bakehouse on Pudding Lane. Fanned by a strong easterly wind and fed by stockpiles of wood and fuel that had been prepared for the coming colder months, the fire eventually consumed about 13,200 houses and 87 churches, including St Paul's Cathedral.[41] Charles and his brother James joined and directed the fire-fighting effort. The public blamed Catholic conspirators for the fire,[42] and one Frenchman, Robert Hubert, was hanged on the basis of a false confession even though he had no hand in starting the fire.[41]
Foreign policy and marriage[edit]
Dutch engraving of Charles II and Catherine of Braganza
Since 1640, Portugal had been fighting a war against Spain to restore its independence after a dynastic union of sixty years between the crowns of Spain and Portugal. Portugal had been helped by France, but in the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659 Portugal was abandoned by its French ally. Negotiations with Portugal for Charles's marriage to Catherine of Braganza began during his father's reign and upon the restoration, Queen Luísa of Portugal, acting as regent, reopened negotiations with England that resulted in an alliance.[43] On 23 June 1661, a marriage treaty was signed; England acquired Catherine's dowry of Tangier (in North Africa) and the Seven islands of Bombay (the latter having a major influence on the development of the British Empire in India), together with trading privileges in Brazil and the East Indies, religious and commercial freedom in Portugal and two million Portuguese crowns (about £300,000); while Portugal obtained military and naval support against Spain and liberty of worship for Catherine.[44] Catherine journeyed from Portugal to Portsmouth on 13–14 May 1662,[44] but was not visited by Charles there until 20 May. The next day the couple were married at Portsmouth in two ceremonies—a Catholic one conducted in secret, followed by a public Anglican service.[44]
The same year, in an unpopular move, Charles sold Dunkirk to his first cousin King Louis XIV of France for about £375,000.[45] The channel port, although a valuable strategic outpost, was a drain on Charles's limited finances.[e]
Image
Charles II in profile on a medal struck in 1667 by John Roettier to commemorate the Second Dutch War
Before Charles's restoration, the Navigation Acts of 1650 had hurt Dutch trade by giving English vessels a monopoly, and had started the First Dutch War (1652–1654). To lay foundations for a new beginning, envoys of the States General appeared in November 1660 with the Dutch Gift.[47] The Second Dutch War (1665–1667) was started by English attempts to muscle in on Dutch possessions in Africa and North America. The conflict began well for the English, with the capture of New Amsterdam (renamed New York in honour of Charles's brother James, Duke of York) and a victory at the Battle of Lowestoft, but in 1667 the Dutch launched a surprise attack on England (the Raid on the Medway) when they sailed up the River Thames to where a major part of the English fleet was docked. Almost all of the ships were sunk except for the flagship, Royal Charles, which was taken back to the Netherlands as a prize.[f] The Second Dutch War ended with the signing of the Treaty of Breda.
As a result of the Second Dutch War, Charles dismissed Lord Clarendon, whom he used as a scapegoat for the war.[48] Clarendon fled to France when impeached for high treason (which carried the penalty of death). Power passed to five politicians known collectively by a whimsical acronym as the Cabal—Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley (afterwards Earl of Shaftesbury) and Lauderdale. In fact, the Cabal rarely acted in concert, and the court was often divided between two factions led by Arlington and Buckingham, with Arlington the more successful.[49]
In 1668, England allied itself with Sweden, and with its former enemy the Netherlands, to oppose Louis XIV in the War of Devolution. Louis made peace with the Triple Alliance, but he continued to maintain his aggressive intentions towards the Netherlands. In 1670, Charles, seeking to solve his financial troubles, agreed to the Treaty of Dover, under which Louis XIV would pay him £160,000 each year. In exchange, Charles agreed to supply Louis with troops and to announce his conversion to Catholicism "as soon as the welfare of his kingdom will permit".[50] Louis was to provide him with 6,000 troops to suppress those who opposed the conversion. Charles endeavoured to ensure that the Treaty—especially the conversion clause—remained secret.[51] It remains unclear if Charles ever seriously intended to convert.[52]
Meanwhile, by a series of five charters, Charles granted the East India Company the rights to autonomous government of its territorial acquisitions, to mint money, to command fortresses and troops, to form alliances, to make war and peace, and to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over its possessions in the Indies.[53] Earlier in 1668 he leased the islands of Bombay to the company for a nominal sum of £10 paid in gold.[54] The Portuguese territories that Catherine brought with her as a dowry proved too expensive to maintain; Tangier was abandoned in 1684.[55] In 1670, Charles granted control of the entire Hudson Bay drainage basin to the Hudson's Bay Company by royal charter, and named the territory Rupert's Land, after his cousin Prince Rupert of the Rhine, the company's first governor.[56]
Conflict with Parliament[edit]
Although previously favourable to the Crown, the Cavalier Parliament was alienated by the king's wars and religious policies during the 1670s. In 1672, Charles issued the Royal Declaration of Indulgence, in which he purported to suspend all penal laws against Catholics and other religious dissenters. In the same year, he openly supported Catholic France and started the Third Anglo-Dutch War.[57]
The Cavalier Parliament opposed the Declaration of Indulgence on constitutional grounds by claiming that the king had no right to arbitrarily suspend laws passed by Parliament. Charles withdrew the Declaration, and also agreed to the Test Act, which not only required public officials to receive the sacrament under the forms prescribed by the Church of England,[58] but also later forced them to denounce transubstantiation and the Catholic Mass as "superstitious and idolatrous".[59] Clifford, who had converted to Catholicism, resigned rather than take the oath, and died shortly after, possibly from suicide.
By 1674 England had gained nothing from the Anglo-Dutch War, and the Cavalier Parliament refused to provide further funds, forcing Charles to make peace. The power of the Cabal waned and that of Clifford's replacement, Lord Danby grew, as did opposition towards him and the court. Politicians and peers believed that Charles II favoured a pro-French foreign policy that desired to emulate the absolutist (and Catholic) sovereignty of Louis XIV. In numerous pamphlets and parliamentary speeches between 1675 and 1678, "popery and arbitrary government" were decried for fear of the loss of English liberties and freedoms.[60]
Image
Charles was presented with the first pineapple grown in England in 1675. Painting by Hendrick Danckerts.
Charles's wife Queen Catherine was unable to produce an heir; her four pregnancies had ended in miscarriages and stillbirths in 1662, February 1666, May 1668 and June 1669.[2] Charles's heir presumptive was therefore his unpopular Catholic brother, James, Duke of York. Partly to assuage public fears that the royal family was too Catholic, Charles agreed that James's daughter, Mary, should marry the Protestant William of Orange.[61] In 1678, Titus Oates, who had been alternately an Anglican and Jesuit priest, falsely warned of a "Popish Plot" to assassinate the king, even accusing the queen of complicity. Charles did not believe the allegations, but ordered his chief minister Lord Danby to investigate. While Danby seems to have been rightly sceptical about Oates's claims, the Cavalier Parliament took them seriously.[62] The people were seized with an anti-Catholic hysteria;[63] judges and juries across the land condemned the supposed conspirators; numerous innocent individuals were executed.[64]
Later in 1678, Danby was impeached by the House of Commons on the charge of high treason. Although much of the nation had sought war with Catholic France, Charles had secretly negotiated with Louis XIV, trying to reach an agreement under which England would remain neutral in return for money. Danby had publicly professed that he was hostile to France, but had reservedly agreed to abide by Charles's wishes. Unfortunately for him, the House of Commons failed to view him as a reluctant participant in the scandal, instead believing that he was the author of the policy. To save Danby from the impeachment trial, Charles dissolved the Cavalier Parliament in January 1679.[65]
The new English Parliament, which met in March of the same year, was quite hostile to Charles. Many members feared that he had intended to use the standing army to suppress dissent or impose Catholicism. However, with insufficient funds voted by Parliament, Charles was forced to gradually disband his troops. Having lost the support of Parliament, Danby resigned his post of Lord High Treasurer, but received a pardon from the king. In defiance of the royal will, the House of Commons declared that the dissolution of Parliament did not interrupt impeachment proceedings, and that the pardon was therefore invalid. When the House of Lords attempted to impose the punishment of exile—which the Commons thought too mild—the impeachment became stalled between the two Houses. As he had been required to do so many times during his reign, Charles bowed to the wishes of his opponents, committing Danby to the Tower of London, in which he was held for another five years.[66]
Science[edit]
Image
Portrait by John Riley, c. 1683-1684
In Charles II's early childhood, William Cavendish, Earl of Newcastle was governor of the royal household and Brian Duppa, the Dean of Christchurch, was his tutor. Neither man thought that the study of science subjects was appropriate for a future king,[67][68] and Newcastle even advised against studying any subject too seriously.[69] However, as Charles grew older, the renowned surgeon William Harvey was appointed his tutor.[70] He was famous for his work on blood circulation in the human body and already held the position of physician to Charles I; his studies were to influence Charles's own attitude to science. As the king's chief physician, Harvey accompanied Charles I to the Battle of Edgehill. There, in the morning, he was placed in charge of the two princes, Charles and his brother James,[71][72][73] but the boys were back with their father for the start of the battle.[74][75]
In exile, Charles continued his education, including physics, chemistry and the mathematics of navigation.[67] His tutors included the cleric John Earle, well known for his satirical book Microcosmographie, with whom he studied Latin and Greek, and Thomas Hobbes, the philosopher and author of Leviathon, with whom he studied mathematics.[76] Even though some of his studies and experiments may have been a way of passing the time,[77] by the time Charles returned to England he was already knowledgeable in the mathematics of navigation and was a competent chemist.[67] The new concepts and discoveries being found at this time fascinated Charles. Soon after his coronation he had a sundial and 35' long telescope installed in the Privy garden.[78]
From the 1640s a group of scientists began to meet informally in Wadham College in Oxford or at Gresham College in London. At that time, free lectures were already being given each week at Gresham College, on a variety of topics, and the new group wished to give a more academic and learned approach to science and to conduct experiments in physics and mathematics.[79]: 154 [80]: 21, 85, 189  Included in this group were Harvey, Christopher Wren, Robert Hooke and Robert Boyle. Activities almost ceased during the civil war but following the Restoration, it was revived and Charles agreed to give it royal patronage as the Royal Society in 1662.[81] Hooke was appointed as a salaried Curator of Experiments and organised scientific demonstrations on a regular basis, helped by a laboratory assistant.[82] Charles was aware of Hooke's weekly demonstrations and, in July 1663, to the Society's consternation, he threatened to attend in person. Wren was consulted for advice, to ensure that the display would be appropriate for the king.[83] In the event, Charles never visited the society, although his cousin Prince Rupert did.[84]
As time passed, Charles lost interest in the activities of the society and left it to its own devices, but he continued to support scientific and commercial endeavours. He founded the Mathematical School at Christ's Hospital in 1673 and, two years later, following concerns over French advances in astronomy, he founded the Royal Observatory at Greenwich.[85] He maintained an interest in chemistry and had a private laboratory.[86][87] There, dissections were occasionally carried out, and observed by the king.[88] Samuel Pepys noted in his diary that on the morning of Friday, 15 January 1669, while he was walking to Whitehall, he met the king who invited him to view his chemistry laboratory. Pepys's scientific knowledge was not great and he confessed to finding what he saw there beyond him.[89]
Charles developed painful gout in later life which limited the daily walks that he took regularly when younger. His keenness was now channelled to his laboratory where he would devote himself to his experiments, for hours at a time.[90] Charles became particularly obsessed with mercury and often spent whole mornings attempting to distill it. Unfortunately, heating mercury in an open crucible releases mercury vapour, which is toxic and may have contributed to his later ill health.[91][92]
Later years[edit]
Charles faced a political storm over his brother James, a Catholic, being next in line to the throne. The prospect of a Catholic monarch was vehemently opposed by Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury (previously Baron Ashley and a member of the Cabal, which had fallen apart in 1673). Shaftesbury's power base was strengthened when the House of Commons of 1679 introduced the Exclusion Bill, which sought to exclude the Duke of York from the line of succession. Some even sought to confer the Crown on the Protestant Duke of Monmouth, the eldest of Charles's illegitimate children. The Abhorrers—those who thought the Exclusion Bill was abhorrent—were named Tories (after a term for dispossessed Irish Catholic bandits), while the Petitioners—those who supported a petitioning campaign in favour of the Exclusion Bill—were called Whigs (after a term for rebellious Scottish Presbyterians).[93]
Absolute monarch[edit]
Fearing that the Exclusion Bill would be passed, and bolstered by some acquittals in the continuing Plot trials, which seemed to him to indicate a more favourable public mood towards Catholicism, Charles dissolved the English Parliament, for a second time that year, in mid-1679. Charles's hopes for a more moderate Parliament were not fulfilled; within a few months he had dissolved Parliament yet again, after it sought to pass the Exclusion Bill. When a new Parliament assembled at Oxford in March 1681, Charles dissolved it for a fourth time after just a few days.[94] During the 1680s, however, popular support for the Exclusion Bill ebbed, and Charles experienced a nationwide surge of loyalty. Lord Shaftesbury was prosecuted (albeit unsuccessfully) for treason in 1681 and later fled to Holland, where he died. For the remainder of his reign, Charles ruled without Parliament.[95]
Charles's opposition to the Exclusion Bill angered some Protestants. Protestant conspirators formulated the Rye House Plot, a plan to murder him and the Duke of York as they returned to London after horse races in Newmarket. A great fire, however, destroyed Charles's lodgings at Newmarket, which forced him to leave the races early, thus inadvertently avoiding the planned attack. News of the failed plot was leaked.[96] Protestant politicians such as the Earl of Essex, Algernon Sydney, Lord Russell and the Duke of Monmouth were implicated in the plot. Essex slit his own throat while imprisoned in the Tower of London; Sydney and Russell were executed for high treason on very flimsy evidence; and the Duke of Monmouth went into exile at the court of William of Orange. Lord Danby and the surviving Catholic lords held in the Tower were released and the king's Catholic brother, James, acquired greater influence at court.[97] Titus Oates was convicted and imprisoned for defamation.[98]
Thus through the last years of Charles's reign, his approach towards his opponents changed, and he was compared by Whigs to the contemporary Louis XIV of France, with his form of government in those years termed "slavery". Many of them were prosecuted and their estates seized, with Charles replacing judges and sheriffs at will and packing juries to achieve conviction. To destroy opposition in London, Charles first disenfranchised many Whigs in the 1682 municipal elections, and in 1683 the London charter was forfeited. In retrospect, the use of the judicial system by Charles (and later his brother and heir James) as a tool against opposition, helped establish the idea of separation of powers between the judiciary and the Crown in Whig thought.[99]
Death[edit]
Charles suffered a sudden apoplectic fit on the morning of 2 February 1685, and died aged 54 at 11:45 am, four days later, at the Palace of Whitehall.[100] The suddenness of his illness and death led to suspicion of poison in the minds of many, including one of the royal doctors; however, a more modern medical analysis has held that the symptoms of his final illness are similar to those of uraemia (a clinical syndrome due to kidney dysfunction).[101] Charles had a laboratory among his many interests, where prior to his illness he had been experimenting with mercury. Mercuric poisoning can produce irreversible kidney damage; but the case for this being a cause of his death is unproven.[102] In the days between his collapse and his death, Charles endured a variety of torturous treatments including bloodletting, purging and cupping in hopes of effecting a recovery,[103] which may have exacerbated his uraemia through dehydration instead of helping alleviate it.[104]
On his deathbed Charles asked his brother, James, to look after his mistresses: "be well to Portsmouth, and let not poor Nelly starve".[105] He told his courtiers, "I am sorry, gentlemen, for being such a time a-dying",[106] and expressed regret at his treatment of his wife. On the last evening of his life he was received into the Catholic Church in the presence of Father John Huddleston, though the extent to which he was fully conscious or committed, and with whom the idea originated, is unclear.[107] He was buried in Westminster Abbey "without any manner of pomp"[106] on 14 February.[108]
Charles was succeeded by his brother James II and VII.
Legacy[edit]
Image
Statue of Charles II as a Roman Caesar, erected 1685, Parliament Square, Edinburgh
The escapades of Charles after his defeat at the Battle of Worcester remained important to him throughout his life. He delighted and bored listeners with tales of his escape for many years. Numerous accounts of his adventures were published, particularly in the immediate aftermath of the Restoration. Though not averse to his escape being ascribed to divine providence, Charles himself seems to have delighted most in his ability to sustain his disguise as a man of ordinary origins, and to move unrecognised through his realm. Ironic and cynical, Charles took pleasure in retailing stories which demonstrated the undetectable nature of any inherent majesty he possessed.[109]
Charles had no legitimate children, but acknowledged a dozen by seven mistresses,[110] including five by Barbara Villiers, Lady Castlemaine, for whom the Dukedom of Cleveland was created. His other mistresses included Moll Davis, Nell Gwyn, Elizabeth Killigrew, Catherine Pegge, Lucy Walter and Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth. As a result, in his lifetime he was often nicknamed "Old Rowley", the name of his favourite racehorse, notable as a stallion.[111]
His subjects resented paying taxes that were spent on his mistresses and their children,[112] many of whom received dukedoms or earldoms. The present Dukes of Buccleuch, Richmond, Grafton and St Albans descend from Charles in unbroken male line.[113] Diana, Princess of Wales, was descended from two of Charles's illegitimate sons: the Dukes of Grafton and Richmond. Diana's son, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, second in line to the British throne, is likely to be the first British monarch descended from Charles II.
Charles's eldest son, the Duke of Monmouth, led a rebellion against James II, but was defeated at the Battle of Sedgemoor on 6 July 1685, captured and executed. James was eventually dethroned in 1688, in the course of the Glorious Revolution.
Image
Statue of Charles II (c. 1682) in ancient Roman dress by Grinling Gibbons at the Royal Hospital Chelsea
Looking back on Charles's reign, Tories tended to view it as a time of benevolent monarchy whereas Whigs perceived it as a terrible despotism. Today it is possible to assess him without the taint of partisanship, and he is seen as more of a lovable rogue—in the words of his contemporary John Evelyn, "a prince of many virtues and many great imperfections, debonair, easy of access, not bloody or cruel".[114] John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, wrote more lewdly of Charles:
Restless he rolls from whore to whore
A merry monarch, scandalous and poor.[115]
Professor Ronald Hutton summarises the polarised historiography:
For the past hundred years, books on Charles II have been sharply divided into two categories. Academic historians have concentrated mainly on his activities as a statesman and emphasised his duplicity, self-indulgence, poor judgement and lack of an aptitude for business or for stable and trustworthy government. Non-academic authors have concentrated mainly on his social and cultural world, emphasising his charm, affability, worldliness, tolerance, turning him into one of the most popular of all English monarchs in novels, plays and films.[116]
Hutton says Charles was a popular king in his own day and a "legendary figure" in British history.
Other kings had inspired more respect, but perhaps only Henry VIII had endeared himself to the popular imagination as much as this one. He was the playboy monarch, naughty but nice, the hero of all who prized urbanity, tolerance, good humour, and the pursuit of pleasure above the more earnest, sober, or material virtues.[117]

The anniversary of the Restoration (which was also Charles's birthday)—29 May—was recognised in England until the mid-nineteenth century as Oak Apple Day, after the Royal Oak in which Charles hid during his escape from the forces of Oliver Cromwell. Traditional celebrations involved the wearing of oak leaves but these have now died out.[118] Charles II is depicted extensively in art, literature and media. Charleston, South Carolina, and South Kingstown, Rhode Island, are named after him.
Titles, styles, honours and arms[edit]
Titles and styles[edit]
The official style of Charles II was "Charles the Second, by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc."[119] The claim to France was only nominal, and had been asserted by every English monarch since Edward III, regardless of the amount of French territory actually controlled.
Honours[edit]
⦁KG: ⦁Knight of the Garter, 21 May 1638⦁[2]
Arms[edit]
Charles's coat of arms as Prince of Wales was the royal arms (which he later inherited), differenced by a label of three points Argent.[120] His arms as monarch were: Quarterly, I and IV Grandquarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lis Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England); II Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland).
ImageImageImage
Coat of arms as Prince of WalesCoat of arms of Charles II as king (outside Scotland)Coat of arms of Charles II used as king in Scotland
Issue[edit]
By Lucy Walter (c. 1630 – 1658):
James Crofts, later Scott (1649–1685), created ⦁Duke of Monmouth (1663) in England and ⦁Duke of Buccleuch (1663) in Scotland. Monmouth was born nine months after Walter and Charles II first met, and was acknowledged as his son by Charles II, but James II suggested that he was the son of another of her lovers, Colonel Robert Sidney, rather than Charles. Lucy Walter had a daughter, Mary Crofts, born after James in 1651, but Charles II was not the father, since he and Walter parted in September 1649.⦁[2]
By Elizabeth Killigrew (1622–1680), daughter of Sir Robert Killigrew, married Francis Boyle, 1st Viscount Shannon, in 1660:
Charlotte Jemima Henrietta Maria FitzRoy (1650–1684), married firstly ⦁James Howard and secondly ⦁William Paston, 2nd Earl of Yarmouth
By Catherine Pegge:
Charles FitzCharles (1657–1680), known as "Don Carlo", created ⦁Earl of Plymouth (1675)
Catherine FitzCharles (born 1658; she either died young or became a nun at Dunkirk)⦁[121]
By Barbara Villiers (1641–1709), wife of Roger Palmer, 1st Earl of Castlemaine, and created Duchess of Cleveland in her own right:
Lady Anne Palmer (Fitzroy) (1661–1722), married ⦁Thomas Lennard, 1st Earl of Sussex. She may have been the daughter of Roger Palmer, but Charles accepted her.⦁[122]
Charles Fitzroy (1662–1730), created ⦁Duke of Southampton (1675), became 2nd ⦁Duke of Cleveland (1709)
Henry Fitzroy (1663–1690), created ⦁Earl of Euston (1672), ⦁Duke of Grafton (1675)
Charlotte Fitzroy (1664–1717), married ⦁Edward Lee, 1st Earl of Lichfield
George Fitzroy (1665–1716), created ⦁Earl of Northumberland (1674), ⦁Duke of Northumberland (1678)
⦁(⦁Barbara (Benedicta) Fitzroy (1672–1737) – She was probably the child of ⦁John Churchill, later ⦁Duke of Marlborough, who was another of Cleveland's many lovers,⦁[123] and was never acknowledged by Charles as his own daughter.⦁[124])
By Nell Gwyn (1650–1687):
Charles Beauclerk (1670–1726), created ⦁Duke of St Albans (1684)
⦁James, Lord Beauclerk (1671–1680)
By Louise Renée de Penancoet de Kérouaille (1649–1734), created Duchess of Portsmouth in her own right (1673):
Charles Lennox (1672–1723), created ⦁Duke of Richmond (1675) in England and ⦁Duke of Lennox (1675) in Scotland.
By Mary 'Moll' Davis, courtesan and actress of repute:[125]
Lady Mary Tudor (1673–1726), married ⦁Edward Radclyffe, 2nd Earl of Derwentwater; after Edward's death, she married ⦁Henry Graham (of Levens), and upon his death she married James Rooke.
Other probable mistresses include:
⦁Christabella Wyndham⦁[126]
Hortense Mancini, Duchess of Mazarin⦁[127]
Winifred Wells – one of Queen Catherine's Maids of Honour⦁[128]
⦁Jane Roberts – the daughter of a clergyman⦁[128]
⦁Mrs Knight – a famous singer⦁[129]
Elizabeth Berkeley, née Bagot, Dowager Countess of Falmouth – the widow of ⦁Charles Berkeley, 1st Earl of Falmouth⦁[128]⦁[130]
⦁Elizabeth Fitzgerald, ⦁Countess of Kildare⦁[128]
Letters claiming that Marguerite or Margaret de Carteret bore Charles a son named James de la Cloche in 1646 are dismissed by historians as forgeries.[131]
Genealogical table[edit]
hideThe House of Stuart and their relations[132]
James I of England
1566–1625Anne of Denmark
1574–1619Henry IV of France
1553-1610Marie de' Medici
1575-1642

Elizabeth
1596–1662 Charles I of England
1600–1649Henrietta Maria of France
1609–1669 Louis XIII of France
1601-1643

Rupert of the Rhine
1619-1682 Sophia of Hanover
1630–1714Charles II of England
1630–1685Mary
1631–1660 William II of Orange
1626-1650 Anne Hyde
1637–1671 James II of England
1633–1701Mary of Modena
1658–1718Henrietta
1644–1670Philip I of Orléans
1640-1701Louis XIV of France
1638-1715

George I of Great Britain
1660–1727 William III of England
1650–1702 Mary II of England
1662–1694 Anne of Great Britain
1665–1714 James Francis Edward
1688–1766 Marie Louise of Orléans
1662–1689Anne Marie of Orléans
1669–1728

Notes[edit]
^ The traditional date of the Restoration marking the first assembly of King and Parliament together since the abolition of the English monarchy in 1649. The English Parliament recognised Charles as king by unanimous vote on 2 May 1660, and he was proclaimed king in London on 8 May, although royalists had recognised him as such since the execution of his father on 30 January 1649. During Charles's reign all legal documents stating a 1.regnal year did so as if his reign began at his father's death.
^ From the death of his father to his defeat at the 2.Battle of Worcester
^ All dates in this article unless otherwise noted are given in the 3.Julian calendar with the start of year adjusted to 1 January (see 3.Old Style and New Style dates).
^ One thousand pounds was a vast sum at the time, greater than an average workman's lifetime earnings.4.[14]
^ It cost the Treasury £321,000 per year.5.[46]
^ The ship's 6.transom is on display at the 6.Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.
References[edit]
^ 1.Ogg 1955, p. 139.
2.^ 2.Jump up to:a 2.b 2.c 2.d 2.e 2.f 2.Weir 1996, pp. 255–257.
^ 3.Fraser 1979, p. 13; 3.Hutton 1989, pp. 1–4.
^ 4.Fraser 1979, p. 32; 4.Hutton 1989, pp. 6–7.
^ 5.Fraser 1979, pp. 38–45; 5.Miller 1991, p. 6.
^ 6.Fraser 1979, pp. 55–56.
^ 7.Fraser 1979, pp. 57–60.
^ 8.Fraser 1979, pp. 65–66, 155; 8.Hutton 1989, p. 26; 8.Miller 1991, p. 5.
^ 9.RPS, 1649/1/71.
^ 10.Fraser 1979, p. 97; 10.Hutton 1989, p. 53.
^ David Stevenson, 'Minute Book of the Board of Green Cloth', Miscellany of the Scottish History Society, XV (Edinburgh, 2013), pp. 55-132.
^ 12.Fraser 1979, pp. 96–97; 12.Hutton 1989, pp. 56–57.
^ 13.Fraser 1979, pp. 98–128; 13.Hutton 1989, pp. 53–69.
^ 14.Fraser 1979, p. 117.
^ 15.Falkus 1972, p. 54.
^ 16.Charles II of England. Excerpted from: Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Ed. Vol XV. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1910. 142.
^ 17.Hutton 1989, pp. 74–112.
^ 18.Fraser 1979, pp. 156–157.
^ Childs, John. Army of Charles II. Routledge, 2013 p. 2
^ Tucker, S Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict p212
^ 21.Fraser 1979, pp. 160–165.
^ Diary of 22.Samuel Pepys, 16 March 1660.
23.^ 23.Jump up to:a 23.b 23.Miller 1991, pp. 24–25.
^ 24.Haley 1985, p. 5.
^ 25.Hutton 1989, p. 131.
26.^ 26.Jump up to:a 26.b 26.Seaward 2004.
^ 27.Fraser 1979, p. 190.
^ 28.The Royal Household 2009.
^ 29.Fraser 1979, p. 185.
30.^ 30.Jump up to:a 30.b 30.Falkus 1972, p. 94.
^ 31.Fraser 1979, pp. 210–202; 31.Hutton 1989, pp. 155–156; 31.Miller 1991, pp. 43–44.
^ Diary of 32.Samuel Pepys, 32.23 April 1661 32.Archived 29 April 2018 at the 32.Wayback Machine
^ 33.Hutton 1989, p. 169.
^ 34.Hutton 1989, p. 229.
^ 35.Hutton 1989, p. 185.
^ Papers of 36.Thomas Hearne (17 November 1706) quoted in 36.Doble 1885, p. 308.
^ 37.Hume 1778, p. 212.
^ 38.Fraser 1979, p. 238.
^ 39.Miller 1991, p. 120.
^ 40.Falkus 1972, p. 105.
41.^ 41.Jump up to:a 41.b 41.Porter 2007.
^ 42.Fraser 1979, pp. 243–247; 42.Miller 1991, pp. 121–122.
^ Clyde L. Gros, "The Anglo-Portuguese Marriage of 1662" Hispanic American Historical Review 10#3 (1930), pp. 313–352 43.online
44.^ 44.Jump up to:a 44.b 44.c 44.Wynne 2004.
^ 45.Miller 1991, pp. 93, 99.
^ 46.Hutton 1989, p. 184.
^ 47.Israel 1998, pp. 749–750.
^ 48.Hutton 1989, pp. 250–251.
^ 49.Hutton 1989, p. 254; 49.Miller 1991, pp. 175–176.
^ 50.Fraser 1979, p. 275.
^ 51.Fraser 1979, pp. 275–276; 51.Miller 1991, p. 180.
^ For doubts over his intention to convert before 1685 see, for example, 52.Seaward 2004; for doubts over his intention to convert on his deathbed see, for example, 52.Hutton 1989, pp. 443, 456.
^ 53.Chisholm 1911, p. 835.
^ 54.British Library Learning.
^ 55.Hutton 1989, p. 426.
^ 56.Hudson's Bay Company 2017.
^ 57.Fraser 1979, pp. 305–308; 57.Hutton 1989, pp. 284–285.
^ 58.Raithby 1819, pp. 782–785.
^ 59.Raithby 1819a, pp. 894–896.
^ Mansfield, Andrew (3 September 2021), "The First Earl of Shaftesbury's Resolute Conscience and Aristocratic Constitutionalism", The Historical Journal: 1–23, 60.doi:60.10.1017/s0018246x21000662, 60.ISSN 60.0018-246X
^ 61.Fraser 1979, pp. 347–348; 61.Hutton 1989, pp. 345–346.
^ 62.Hutton 1989, pp. 359–362.
^ 63.Fraser 1979, p. 360.
^ 64.Fraser 1979, p. 375.
^ 65.Miller 1991, pp. 278, 301–304.
^ 66.Hutton 1989, pp. 367–374; 66.Miller 1991, pp. 306–309.
67.^ 67.Jump up to:a 67.b 67.c 67.Uglow 2009, p. 220.
^ 68.Fraser 1979, p. 23.
^ 69.Falkus 1972, p. 17.
^ Carlvalho, Christina (2014), 70."Charles II: A Man Caught Between Tradition and Science" (PDF), Via paroramica: Revista Electronica de Estudos Anglo-Americanos/ An Anglo-American Studies Journal (Série 3, Número Especial): 5–24, 70.hdl:70.10400.26/7191
^ Power D'Arcy, "William Harvey", Fisher Unwin, London, 1897. For a recent reprint see: "William Harvey, Masters of Medicine ", Literary Licensing, LLC, United States, 2014
^ 72.Fraser 1979, p. 36.
^ Clarke A, "Brief Lives of Contemporaries, set down by John Aubrey, between the years 1669 and 1696", Clarendon Press, Oxford, Vol. 1, p297, 1898
^ Clarke J.S., "The Life and Times of James II, King of England", Vol. 1, Longman, London, 1816
^ Stewart, D. (25 May 1946), "Harvey and the Battle of Edgehill", British Medical Journal, 1 (4455): 808, 75.doi:75.10.1136/bmj.1.4455.808, 75.JSTOR 75.20366436, 75.PMC 75.2058941
^ 76.Thomas Hobbes (1588–1697), BBC, 2014
^ 77.Falkus 1972, p. 30.
^ 78.Uglow 2009, p. 228.
^ Ashley M.,"England in the Seventeenth Century", Penguin, London, 1958
^ Purver M., "The Royal Society, Concept and Creation", Routledge and Kegan Paul, London 1967
^ 81.Jardine 2004, p. 97.
^ 82.Uglow 2009, p. 235.
^ 83.Uglow 2009, p. 236.
^ 84.Jardine 2004, p. 106.
^ 85.Uglow 2009, pp. 241–242.
^ Wright, David (2000), "The Astronomy in Pepys' Diary", Astronomy & Geophysics, 41 (4): 4.23–4.27, 86.doi:86.10.1046/j.1468-4004.2000.00423.x
^ Ashley M., "England in the Seventeenth Century", Penguin, London, 1958, p. 153
^ 88.Uglow 2009, p. 221.
^ Pepys, Samuel, 89."Friday 15 January 1668/69", The Diary of Samuel Pepys
^ 90.Fraser 1979, p. 586.
^ 91.Fraser 1979, pp. 567–596.
^ Homes F., "The Sickly Stewarts", Sutton Publishing, 2003, pp.104-108
^ 93.Hutton 1989, pp. 373, 377, 391; 93.Miller 1991, pp. 310–320.
^ 94.Hutton 1989, pp. 376–401; 94.Miller 1991, pp. 314–345.
^ 95.Hutton 1989, pp. 430–441.
^ 96.Fraser 1979, p. 426.
^ 97.Hutton 1989, pp. 420–423; 97.Miller 1991, pp. 366–368.
^ 98.Fraser 1979, p. 437.
^ Marshall J. (2013). Whig Thought and the Revolution of 1688–91. In: Harris, T., & Taylor, S. (Eds.). (2015). The final crisis of the Stuart monarchy: the revolutions of 1688–91 in their British, Atlantic and European contexts (Vol. 16), Chapter 3. Boydell & Brewer.
^ 100.Fraser 1979, p. 450; 100.Hutton 1989, p. 443.
^ 101.BMJ 1938.
^ 102.Fraser 1979, pp. 586–587.
^ 103.Roberts 2015.
^ Aronson, J. K.; Heneghan, C. (17 October 2018), 104.The death of King Charles II, Oxford: Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM), retrieved 4 May 2021
^ 105.Fraser 1979, p. 456.
106.^ 106.Jump up to:a 106.b 106.Bryant 2001, p. 73.
^ 107.Hutton 1989, pp. 443, 456.
^ 108.Fraser 1979, p. 459.
^ 109.Weber 1988, pp. 492–493, 505–506.
^ 110.Fraser 1979, p. 411.
^ 111.Pearson 1960, p. 147.
^ 112.Hutton 1989, p. 338.
^ 113.Fraser 1979, p. 413.
^ 114.Miller 1991, pp. 382–383.
^ 115.Miller 1991, p. 95.
^ Hutton, Ronald (December 2009), "A Gambling Man: Charles II and the Restoration", History Today, 59 (12): 55+
^ 117.Hutton 1989, p. 446.
^ 118.Fraser 1979, p. 118.
^ Guinness Book of Answers (1991), p. 708
^ 120.Ashmole 1715, p. 534.
^ 121.Hutton 1989, p. 125.
^ 122.Cokayne 1926, pp. 706–708.
^ 123.Miller 1991, pp. 97, 123.
^ 124.Fraser 1979, pp. 65, 286.
^ 125.Fraser 1979, p. 287.
^ 126.Fraser 1979, p. 37; 126.Miller 1991, p. 5.
^ 127.Fraser 1979, pp. 341–342; 127.Hutton 1989, p. 336; 127.Miller 1991, p. 228.
128.^ 128.Jump up to:a 128.b 128.c 128.d 128.Fraser 1979, p. 285; 128.Hutton 1989, p. 262.
^ 129.BBC staff 2003.
^ 130.Melville 2005, p. 91.
^ 131.Fraser 1979, pp. 43–44; 131.Hutton 1989, p. 25.
^ 132.Fraser 1979, p. 5.
Bibliography[edit]
Ashmole, Elias (1715), The History of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, London: Bell, Taylor, Baker and Collins
⦁BBC staff (October 2003), ⦁Charles II and the women who bore his children (PDF), BBC
Bombay: History of a City, The British Library Board, retrieved 19 April 2010
⦁"Nova et Vetera", ⦁British Medical Journal, 2 (4064): 1089, 1938, ⦁doi:⦁10.1136/bmj.2.4064.1089, ⦁JSTOR ⦁20301497, ⦁PMC ⦁2210948, ⦁PMID ⦁20781915
⦁Brown, K. M.; et al., eds. (2007–2017), ⦁"Proclamation: of King Charles II, 5 January 1649 (NAS. PA2/24, f.97r-97v.)", The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, University of St Andrews, retrieved 5 August 2016
⦁Bryant, Mark (2001), Private Lives, London: Cassell, ⦁ISBN ⦁0-304-35758-8
⦁Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), ⦁"East India Company" , ⦁Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 8 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 834–835
Cokayne, George E. (1926), "Appendix F. Bastards of Charles II", The Complete Peerage, vol. VI, Revised and enlarged by Gibbs, Vicary; Edited by Doubleday, H. A., Warrand, D., and de Walden, Lord Howard, London: St Catherine Press
⦁Doble, C. E., ed. (1885), Remarks and Collections of Thomas Hearne, vol. 1, Oxford: Clarendon Press for the Oxford Historical Society
⦁Falkus, Christopher (1972), The Life and Times of Charles II, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, ⦁ISBN ⦁0-297-99427-1
Fraser, Antonia (1979), King Charles II, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, ⦁ISBN ⦁0-297-77571-5
⦁Haley, K.H.D. (1985), Politics in the Reign of Charles II, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, ⦁ISBN ⦁0-631-13928-1
The Royal Charter of the Hudson's Bay Company, ⦁Hudson's Bay Company, retrieved 29 April 2017
Hume, David (1778), The History of England from the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution in 1688, vol. VIII, London: printed for T. Cadell, p. 212
Hutton, Ronald (1989), ⦁Charles II: King of England, Scotland, and Ireland, Oxford: Clarendon Press, ⦁ISBN ⦁0-19-822911-9
⦁Israel, J. I. (1998), The Dutch Republic; Its rise, greatness, and fall 1477–1806, Oxford
⦁Jardine, Lisa (2004), The Curious Life of Robert Hooke, London: Harper Perennial, ⦁ISBN ⦁0-00-715175-6
Melville, Lewis (2005) [1928], The Windsor Beauties: Ladies of the Court of Charles II, Loving Healing Press, p. ⦁91, ⦁ISBN ⦁1-932690-13-1
⦁Miller, John (1991), ⦁Charles II, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, ⦁ISBN ⦁0-297-81214-9
⦁Ogg, David (1955), England in the Reigns of James II and William III, Oxford University Press
Pearson, Hesketh (1960), Charles II: His Life and Likeness, London: Heinemann
⦁Porter, Stephen (January 2007), "The great fire of London", ⦁Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.), Oxford University Press, ⦁doi:⦁10.1093/ref:odnb/95647 (Subscription or ⦁UK public library membership required.)
⦁Raithby, John, ed. (1819), ⦁"Charles II, 1672: An Act for preventing Dangers which may happen from Popish Recusants", Statutes of the Realm: volume 5: 1628–80, retrieved 19 April 2010
⦁Raithby, John, ed. (1819a), ⦁"Charles II, 1678: (Stat. 2.) An Act for the more effectuall preserving the Kings Person and Government by disableing Papists from sitting in either House of Parlyament", Statutes of the Realm: volume 5: 1628–80, retrieved 19 April 2010
⦁Roberts, Jacob (Fall 2015), ⦁"Tryals and tribulations", Distillations Magazine, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 14–15, retrieved 22 March 2018
⦁Seaward, Paul (2004), "Charles II (1630–1685)", ⦁Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.), Oxford University Press, ⦁doi:⦁10.1093/ref:odnb/5144
⦁The Royal Household (2009), ⦁Charles II (r. 1660–1685), Official website of the British Monarchy, retrieved 19 April 2010
Uglow, Jenny (2009), A Gambling Man, Faber & Faber, ⦁ISBN ⦁978-0-571-21733-5
⦁Weber, Harold (1988), "Representations of the King: Charles II and His Escape from Worcester", Studies in Philology, University of North Carolina Press, 85 (4): 489–509
Weir, Alison (1996), Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy (Revised ed.), Random House, ⦁ISBN ⦁0-7126-7448-9
⦁Wynne, S. M. (2004), "Catherine (1638–1705)", ⦁Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.), Oxford University Press, ⦁doi:⦁10.1093/ref:odnb/4894 (Subscription or ⦁UK public library membership required.)
Further reading[edit]
⦁Edie, Carolyn (1965), "Succession and Monarchy: The Controversy of 1679–1681", American Historical Review, 70 (2): 350–370, ⦁doi:⦁10.2307/1845634, ⦁JSTOR ⦁1845634
⦁Hanrahan, David C. (2006), Charles II and the Duke of Buckingham: The Merry Monarch and the Aristocratic Rogue, Stroud: Sutton, ⦁ISBN ⦁0-7509-3916-8
⦁Harris, Tim (2005), Restoration: Charles II and his kingdoms, 1660–1685, London: Allen Lane, ⦁ISBN ⦁0-7139-9191-7
⦁Keay, Anna (2008), The Magnificent Monarch: Charles II and the Ceremonies of Power, London: Hambledon Continuum, ⦁ISBN ⦁978-1-84725-225-8
Kenyon, J. P. (1957), "Review Article: The Reign of Charles II", Cambridge Historical Journal, XIII: 82–86, ⦁doi:⦁10.1017/S1474691300000068
⦁Miller, John (1985), Restoration England: the reign of Charles II, London: Longman, ⦁ISBN ⦁0-582-35396-3
⦁Ogg, David (1955), England in the Reign of Charles II (2nd ed.), Clarendon Press
⦁Wilson, Derek (2003), All The King's Women: Love, Sex and Politics in the Life of Charles II, London: Hutchinson, ⦁ISBN ⦁0-09-179379-3
External links[edit]
ImageWikimedia Commons has media related to Charles II of England.
Image Quotations related to ⦁Charles II of England at Wikiquote
Image Works by or about ⦁Charles II of England at ⦁Wikisource
Charles II of England
House of Stuart
Born: 29 May 1630 Died: 6 February 1685
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Charles IKing of Scotland
1649–1651Vacant
Military government
Vacant
English Interregnum
Title last held by
Charles IKing of England and Ireland
1660–1685Succeeded by
James II & VII
Vacant
Military governmentKing of Scotland
1660–1685
British royalty
Vacant
Title last held by
CharlesDuke of Cornwall
Duke of Rothesay
1630–1649Vacant
Title next held by
James Francis Edward
Prince of Wales
1638–1649

show
v
t
e
English, Scottish and British monarchs
show
v
t
e
Dukes of Cornwall

show
v
t
e
Dukes of Rothesay
show
Authority control Image
Categories:
Charles II of England
1630 births
1685 deaths
17th-century English monarchs
17th-century Scottish monarchs
17th-century Irish monarchs
17th-century English nobility
17th-century Scottish peers
British expatriates in the Dutch Republic
Burials at Westminster Abbey
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism
Dukes of Cornwall
Dukes of Rothesay
English pretenders to the French throne
English Roman Catholics
Fellows of the Royal Society
House of Stuart
High Stewards of Scotland
Knights of the Garter
People from Westminster
People of the English Civil War
Princes of England
Princes of Scotland
Princes of Wales
Lord High Admirals of England
Children of Charles I of England

Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Wikisource
Languages
Bosanski
Deutsch
Español
Français
한국어
Italiano
Русский
Tiếng Việt
中文
69 more
Edit links
⦁This page was last edited on 1 June 2022, at 16:55 (UTC).
⦁Text is available under the ⦁Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the ⦁Terms of Use and ⦁Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the ⦁Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

===============================================
Charles II, King of England, Scotland,and Ireland (1660-85), was one of the laziest but cleverest of English kings. He was the oldest surviving son of Charles I. After the defeat and execution (1649) of hisfather, Charles was exiled to Holland and France,where he spent 11 years plotting to overthrow the republic established in England. In 1650 he decided to go to Scotland, where the prevailing party, the Covenanters, had not approved of his father's execution and agreed to recognize him asking of the Scots. In return he promised to uphold the Solemn League and Covenant, which virtually committed him to imposing Presbyterianism on England and Ireland, although he had no real intention of doing so. Afte rthe Covenanters had been defeated in battle by Oliver Cromwell, Charles led a Scottish army into England, where he was defeated at Worcester in1651. He escaped to France and later, when the French allied themselves with the English republic, planned to invade England with Spanish troops. Nothing came of this, but after the death (1658) of Cromwell, many English people favored restoring Charles to the throne. Accordingly, the Restoration took place in 1660. The new Parliament was overwhelmingly royalist. It restored Anglicanism as the established religion, imposing stiff penalties on Nonconformists by the so-called Clarendon Code (1661-65), and pressed Charles to make war on the Dutch. He did so in1665 but was forced to agree to a humiliating peace in 1667. Charles then allied himself with France against the Dutch, but in the ensuing war (1672-74) the Dutch forced him to make a separate peace. By the Treaty of Dover (1670), Louis XIV of France had secretly promised to pay subsidies to Charles, who in turn promised to convert England to Roman Catholicism, but these payments proved insufficient to sustain another war. Moreover, Charles's efforts to ease the restrictions on religious dissenters,including Roman Catholics, were firmly resisted by Parliament, which distrusted his pro-French stance. Anti-Catholic hysteria erupted in reaction to the spurious Popish Plot, concocted by Titus Oates, in 1678.Charles resisted efforts led by the1st earl of Shaftesbury to exclude his Catholic brother, the future James II, from the succession. To do this he was finally compelled to dissolve Parliament in 1681, and he ruled thereafter without Parliament. Charles is known as the Merry Monarch,partly because of his numerous mistresses, who included Nell Gwynne, Louise de Keroualle, duchess of Portsmouth, and Barbara Villiers, duchessof Cleveland. He also openly enjoyed horse racing, gambling, and jovial company, and was very popular with the common people. However, although he was never subservient to the French, on whom he relied to protect him in the event of another civil war, his pocketing of bribes and blatant lying to get over difficulties with Parliament did not commend him to his political opponents or future historians. He was received into the Roman Catholic church just before his death.

Haben Sie Ergänzungen, Korrekturen oder Fragen im Zusammenhang mit Charles II King of (Charles II, King of) England , Scotland and Ireland [[Ch-Wikibio]] sss?
Der Autor dieser Publikation würde gerne von Ihnen hören!


Zeitbalken Charles II King of (Charles II, King of) England , Scotland and Ireland [[Ch-Wikibio]] sss

  Diese Funktionalität ist Browsern mit aktivierten Javascript vorbehalten.
Klicken Sie auf den Namen für weitere Informationen. Verwendete Symbole: grootouders Großeltern   ouders Eltern   broers-zussen Geschwister   kinderen Kinder

Vorfahren (und Nachkommen) von Charles II King of England


Mit der Schnellsuche können Sie nach Name, Vorname gefolgt von Nachname suchen. Sie geben ein paar Buchstaben (mindestens 3) ein und schon erscheint eine Liste mit Personennamen in dieser Publikation. Je mehr Buchstaben Sie eingeben, desto genauer sind die Resultate. Klicken Sie auf den Namen einer Person, um zur Seite dieser Person zu gelangen.

  • Kleine oder grosse Zeichen sind egal.
  • Wenn Sie sich bezüglich des Vornamens oder der genauen Schreibweise nicht sicher sind, können Sie ein Sternchen (*) verwenden. Beispiel: „*ornelis de b*r“ findet sowohl „cornelis de boer“ als auch „kornelis de buur“.
  • Es ist nicht möglich, nichtalphabetische Zeichen einzugeben, also auch keine diakritischen Zeichen wie ö und é.

Die angezeigten Daten haben keine Quellen.

Historische Ereignisse

Geburtstag 29. Mai 1630

  • Stadhouder Prins Frederik Hendrik (Huis van Oranje) war von 1625 bis 1647 Fürst der Niederlande (auch Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden genannt)
  • Im Jahr 1630: Quelle: Wikipedia
    • 3. Juli » Kaiser FerdinandII. eröffnet den Regensburger Kurfürstentag, von dem er sich Hilfe der Reichsstände gegen die Generalstaaten, Frankreich im Mantuanischen Erbfolgekrieg und die Bedrohung durch König GustavII. Adolf von Schweden, der die protestantische Seite im Dreißigjährigen Krieg stützen will, verspricht.
    • 6. Juli » Gustav II. Adolf landet mit einem Heer von 13.000 Mann schwedischer Truppen in Deutschland und greift in den Dreißigjährigen Krieg ein.
    • 20. Juli » Der schwedische König Gustav II. Adolf zieht nach seinem Eingreifen in den Dreißigjährigen Krieg in Stettin ein. Ein Teil der Truppe wird einquartiert und kümmert sich um die Befestigung der Stadt.
    • 22. Oktober » Der venezianische Doge gelobt der Jungfrau Maria den Bau einer Kirche, wenn die seit einem Jahr in Venedig wütende Pest aufhöre. Als kurz darauf die Seuche endet, wird sein Versprechen eingelöst und die Kirche Santa Maria della Salute errichtet.
    • 11. November » Am Journée des Dupes wird die religiöse Partei in Frankreich unter Königinmutter Maria de’ Medici und Jean-Baptiste Gaston de Bourbon, duc d’Orléans von König Ludwig XIII. entmachtet. Kardinal Richelieu, der sich mit diesem Erfolg am Gipfel seiner Macht befindet, geht in der Folge gnadenlos gegen seine Gegner im Staat vor und bereitet damit die Hochblüte des Absolutismus vor.
    • 15. November » Mit dem Abschluss des Friedens von Madrid endet der 1625 ausgebrochene Englisch-Spanische Krieg.


Gleicher Geburts-/Todestag

Quelle: Wikipedia


Über den Familiennamen England

  • Zeigen Sie die Informationen an, über die Genealogie Online verfügt über den Nachnamen England.
  • Überprüfen Sie die Informationen, die Open Archives hat über England.
  • Überprüfen Sie im Register Wie (onder)zoekt wie?, wer den Familiennamen England (unter)sucht.

Die Genealogie Wylie-Veröffentlichung wurde von erstellt.nimm Kontakt auf
Geben Sie beim Kopieren von Daten aus diesem Stammbaum bitte die Herkunft an:
Kin Mapper, "Genealogie Wylie", Datenbank, Genealogie Online (https://www.genealogieonline.nl/genealogie-wylie/I382308.php : abgerufen 22. Juni 2024), "Charles II King of (Charles II, King of) England , Scotland and Ireland [[Ch-Wikibio]] sss (1630-1685)".