Genealogie John Muijsers » Robert Guiscard van Hauteville (± 1015-1085)

Persönliche Daten Robert Guiscard van Hauteville 

• Er wurde geboren rund 1015.
• Beruf: graaf en hertog van Apulia en Calabria, hertog van Sicilie, prins van Benevento.
• Er ist verstorben am 17. Juli 1085.

Familie von Robert Guiscard van Hauteville

(1) Er ist verheiratet mit Alberada van Buonalbergo.

Sie haben geheiratet im Jahr 1051.

(2) Er ist verheiratet mit Sikelgaita van de Lombarden.

Sie haben geheiratet rund 1058.

Kind(er):

1. Mathilde van Apulië  ± 1059-± 1111 
2. Sybil van Apulië  ± 1062-1092 
3. Heria van Apulië  
4. Guy van Hauteville  ????-1108
5. Robert Scalio van Hauteville  ± 1068-1110
6. Mabillia van Hauteville  
7. Olympias van Hauteville  
8. Roger Borsa van Apulië  1061-1111 

Notizen bei Robert Guiscard van Hauteville

Robert Guiscard (c. 1015 – 17 July 1085) was a Norman adventurer remembered for the conquest of southern Italy and Sicily. Robert was born into the Hauteville family in Normandy, went on to become Count of Apulia and Calabria (1057–1059), and then Duke of Apulia and Calabria and Duke of Sicily (1059–1085), and briefly Prince of Benevento (1078-1081) before returning the title to the Pope.

His sobriquet, in contemporary Latin Viscardus and Old French Viscart, is often rendered "the Resourceful", "the Cunning", "the Wily", "the Fox", or "the Weasel". In Italian sources he is often Roberto il Guiscardo or Roberto d'Altavilla (from Robert de Hauteville).

From 999 to 1042 the Normans in Italy, coming first as pilgrims, were mainly mercenaries serving at various times the Byzantines and a number of Lombard nobles.[1] The first of the independent Norman Lords was Rainulf Drengot who established himself in the fortress of Aversa becoming Count of Aversa and Duke of Gaeta.[2]

In 1038 there arrived William Iron-Arm and Drogo, the two eldest sons of Tancred of Hauteville, a petty noble of the Cotentin in Normandy.[3] The two joined in the revolt of the Lombards against Byzantine control of Apulia. By 1040 the Byzantines had lost most of that province. In 1042 Melfi was chosen as the Norman capital, and in September of that year the Normans elected as their count William Iron-Arm, who was succeeded in turn by his brothers Drogo, Comes Normannorum totius Apuliæ e Calabriæ ("the Count of all Normans in Apulia and Calabria"), and Humphrey, who arrived about 1044.

Robert Guiscard was the sixth son of Tancred of Hauteville and eldest by his second wife Fressenda.[4] According to the Byzantine historian Anna Comnena, he left Normandy with only five mounted riders and thirty followers on foot.[5] Upon arriving in Langobardia in 1047, he became the chief of a roving robber-band. Anna Comnena also leaves a physical description of Guiscard:

This Robert was Norman by birth, of obscure origins, with an overbearing character and a thoroughly villainous mind; he was a brave fighter, very cunning in his assaults on the wealth and power of great men; in achieving his aims absolutely inexorable, diverting criticism by incontrovertible argument. He was a man of immense stature, surpassing even the biggest men; he had a ruddy complexion, fair hair, broad shoulders, eyes that all but shot out sparks of fire. In a well-built man one looks for breadth here and slimness there; in him all was admirably well-proportioned and elegant... Homer remarked of Achilles that when he shouted his hearers had the impression of a multitude in uproar, but Robert’s bellow, so they say, put tens of thousands to flight.[5]

Robert Guiscard, from the 14th-century manuscript Nuova Cronica
Lands were scarce in Apulia at the time and the roving Guiscard could not expect any grant from Drogo, then reigning, for Humphrey had just received his own county of Lavello. Guiscard soon joined Prince Pandulf IV of Capua in his ceaseless wars with Prince Guaimar IV of Salerno (1048). The next year, however, Guiscard left Pandulf, according to Amatus of Montecassino because Pandulf reneged on a promise of a castle and his daughter's hand. Guiscard returned to his brother Drogo and asked to be granted a fief. Drogo, who had just finished campaigning in Calabria, gave Guiscard command of the fortress of Scribla. Dissatisfied with this position, Guiscard moved to the castle of San Marco Argentano (after which he later named the first Norman castle in Sicily, at the site of ancient Aluntium).

During his time in Calabria, Guiscard married his first wife, Alberada De Macon, known in Italy as Alberada of Buonalbergo. She was the daughter of Reginald I, Count of Burgundy, also known as Renaud I De Macon (Raynald I), Baron of Buonalbergo, and Girard of Buonalbergo, and his wife Alice of Normandy.

Guiscard soon rose to distinction. The Lombards turned against their erstwhile allies, and Pope Leo IX determined to expel the Norman freebooters. His army was defeated, however, at the Battle of Civitate sul Fortore in 1053 by the Normans, united under Humphrey. Humphrey commanded the centre against the pope's Swabian troops. Early in the battle Count Richard of Aversa, commanding the right van, put the Lombards to flight and chased them down, then returned to help rout the Swabians. Guiscard had come all the way from Calabria to command the left. His troops were held in reserve until, seeing Humphrey's forces ineffectually charging the pope's centre, he called up his father-in-law's reinforcements and joined the fray, distinguishing himself personally, even being dismounted and remounting again three separate times, according to William of Apulia. Honored for his actions at Civitate, Guiscard succeeded Humphrey as count of Apulia in 1057, over his elder half-brother Geoffrey. In company with Roger, his youngest brother, Guiscard carried on the conquest of Apulia and Calabria, while Richard conquered the principality of Capua.

Married in 1051 to Alberada of Buonalbergo (1032 – aft. July 1122)[4] and had:

Bohemund.[4]
Emma (b. 1052 or after), married to Odo the Good Marquis[citation needed]
Married in 1058 or 1059 to Sichelgaita[4] and had:

Matilda (also Mahalta, Maud, or Maude; 1059 – aft. 1085), married Ramon Berenguer II, Count of Barcelona.[4]
Roger Borsa,[4] duke of Apulia and Calabria
Mabile, married to William de Grantmesnil.[4]
Gersent, married to Hugh V of Maine, repudiated.[18]
Robert Scalio[citation needed]
Guy, Byzantine sebastos[4]
Sibylla, married to Ebles de Ramerupt, 4th Count of Roucy and had 8 children.[19]
Olympias (renamed Helena), betrothed to Constantine Doukas, son of Michael VII in August 1074, contract broken off in 1078.

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