Jaime I 'el Conquistador' ""El Conquistador"" de Aragón rey de Aragón (1208-1276) » Stamboom Homs

Persoonlijke gegevens Jaime I 'el Conquistador' ""El Conquistador"" de Aragón rey de Aragón

Alternatieve naam: El Conquistador'/'The Conqueror
Roepnaam is "El Conquistador".
Hij is geboren op 1 FEB 1208 TO ABT-02-1208 in Montpellier, Languedoc-Roussillon, FranceMontpellier, Languedoc-Roussillon.
Hij werd gedoopt in from 1213-1276.
Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt in from 1213-1276.
Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt in from 1213-1276.
Alternatief: Hij werd gedoopt rond 1223 in (alternate birth date).
Hij is gedoopt.
Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk.
Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk op 25 april 1992.
Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk op 30 juli 1992.
Alternatief: Gedoopt (op 8-jarige leeftijd of later) door het priesterschapsgezag van de LDS-kerk op 30 juli 1992.
Beroepen:

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{geni:job_title} Kung
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in King of Aragon.
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{geni:job_title} Roi d'Aragon, Roi de Majorque

Hij is overleden op 27 juli 1276 in Valencia, SpainValencia.
Hij is begraven in Monasterio de Poblet (Tarragona).
Een kind van Pedro II 'el Católico' de Aragón en Marie de Montpellier
Deze gegevens zijn voor het laatst bijgewerkt op 16 oktober 2011.

Gezin van Jaime I 'el Conquistador' ""El Conquistador"" de Aragón rey de Aragón

Hij is getrouwd met Jolán Árpád-házi.

Zij zijn getrouwd rond 1235 te Barcelona, EspanaBarcelona.

Kind(eren):

Isabel de Aragón ± 1243-1271

Notities over Jaime I 'el Conquistador' ""El Conquistador"" de Aragón rey de Aragón

GIVN Jaime I Pedrez von Aragon &
SURN Mallorca
AFN 8XJ5-B8
_PRIMARY Y
DATE 3 OCT 2000
TIME 22:53:29

(Research):(James the Conqueror), 1208-76), king of Arag≡n and count of Barcelona(1231-76), son and successor of Peter II. After a minority was distributed by private wars amoung the nobles, James soon consolidated royal power and tried to create a new nobility dependent on him. He seized the Balsic Islands (1229-35) and Valencia (1238) from the Moors and helped Castile to recover control of Murica after a Moorish rebellion (1266). A crusade to Palestine (1269) with Louis IX of France, James gave up several claims in S France, while the french king remounced his rights to Catalonia, derived from Charlemagne. James's own chronicle of his reign has been translated into English. He was succeeded in Arag≡n by his son Peter III. Another son was king of Majorca as James 1.

Jaime I "the Conqueror", King of Aragon 1213-1276 (1208-1276) Born 13 February 1208 Montpellier Died 25 July 1276 Xativa Married 8 September 1235 Barcelona Violante of Hungary Died 1251 Huesca In 1213, at the age of five, he became King of Aragon. He was a remarkable man; gallant, boastful and eccentric. As a young man he conquered the Balearic Islands and the rich emirate of Valencia. He then involved himself with French politics as the counties of Roussillon and Cerdagne formed part of his kingdom; and as well he had inherited Montpellier from his mother. He was nearly sixty when he personally led his army and added the emirate of Murcia to his kingdom. In his later years he preferred to spend his time in dalliance with his mistresses. He was the only monarch who accepted Pope Gregory X's invitation to make a crusade; but his good sense, being both too shrewd and too weary, kept him out of any involvement; this he preferred to leave to his son. He died in July 1276, a king for sixty-three years and, having preserved his vigour to the last, he was little troubled by his excommunication by the Pope for his last illicit love-affair. Source: Leo van de Pas

James I Encyclopædia Britannica Article born Feb. 2, 1208, Montpellier, County of Toulouse died July 27, 1276, Valencia, Valencia James I, detail of an illumination from the Crónica de Jaime I; in the University of ¼ Archivo Mas, Barcelona byname James The Conqueror, Spanish Jaime El Conquistador the most renowned of the medieval kings of Aragon (1213-76), who added the Balearic Islands and Valencia to his realm and thus initiated the Catalan-Aragonese expansion in the Mediterranean that was to reach its zenith in the last decades of the 14th century. James was the son of Peter II of Aragon and Mary of Montpellier. When Peter, allied with the Albigensian heretics, died fighting against the crusaders sent against them at the Battle of Muret, James was only five years old and was at Carcassonne, Fr., in the hands of the crusaders' leader, Simon de Montfort. James was released in April 1214 and recognized as sovereign in Aragon and Catalonia; placed under the protection of the Knights Templars at Monzón, he was cared for and educated by them. The regency was exercised by his great-uncle, Count Sancho of Roussillon (in Aragon, now in France), until 1218, when Sancho resigned in the face of opposition from some Aragonese and Catalonian nobles. The ensuing rebellions, during which the King often found himself in great danger, formed a hard school for the forging of his character. Fearless even as a youth, he fought an Aragonese noble in hand-to-hand combat, took part in the siege of the port of Castejón in 1222, and three years later tried to seize another port. In 1227 James took over the effective government of his kingdoms and at once began the first of his great campaigns of reconquest_that of the Balearic Islands. Majorca was captured in December 1229, and the occupation was rounded off in 1235 by the conquest of Ibiza by the Bishop of Saragossa. Thenceforward, the islands were a bulwark to defend the Catalan coasts and a base from which trade and political expansion could be launched eastward. In 1233 James began a second war of reconquest_against the Saracen rulers of the Kingdom of Valencia. The campaign lasted three long years and suffered various interruptions before the capital itself was captured in 1238. The occupation of the kingdom was completed later with the capture of other towns, and in 1244 a treaty was signed by which the boundaries of Aragon and Castile were delimited in the newly conquered areas. James I married twice. In 1221 he married Leonor, daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile, but he later divorced her and in 1235 married the daughter of Andrew II of Hungary, Yolande, by whom he had many children. In 1248 and 1262 he divided his realms among his sons but only succeeded in causing virulent civil strife. In the second division, his elder son, Peter, received Aragon, Valencia, and Catalonia, and his younger son, James, received the Balearic Islands, Roussillon, and other Pyrenean counties that he was to hold in fief from Peter. This division of realms among his heirs was not James's only political blunder. By the Treaty of Corbeil (1258) he renounced his claims to territories in the south of France, thus abandoning the traditional policy that the Catalan dynasty had hitherto pursued across the Pyrenees. He was, however, able to develop relations and promote trade with the states of North Africa; and, with a clear view of the future, he married his principal heir, Peter, to Constance of Sicily, thus making it easy for the latter kingdom to be added in later years to the crown of Aragon. Always a chivalrous soldier, James helped his son-in-law Alfonso X of Castile to suppress the rebellion of the Moors in the Kingdom of Murcia (1266); he also set out on a crusade to the Holy Land (1269), though this was a failure. A soldier of extraordinary courage and great gifts of leadership, James was a stout man, strong and handsome; he has been criticized for his many love affairs that caused him to be described as an home de fembres ("lady's man"). On balance, his reign was very beneficial. The important code of maritime law called the Llibre del consolat del mar was compiled; the Kingdom of Valencia received its own legal system; various cities, including Barcelona, acquired their own civic administrations; and the Cortes_the representative assembly_came into being. The King protected men of letters, inspired the chronicle that bears his name (though he did not himself write it), and brought his different peoples to a degree of political and cultural maturity that can reasonably be described as admirable.

He was placed under regency at 5 years old of his great-uncle Count Sancho of
Roussillin (in Aragon, now in France) until 1218 and began to govern on his
own in 1227. He extended his kingdom by conquest and by marrying a daughter
of Alfonso VIII of Castile. By his 2nd wife, he had many children, but made
his eldest son, Peter, the principal heir. He helped his son-in-law, Alfonso
X of Castile, to suppress the Moors. James was a stout, strong, handsome man
and was criticized for his many love affairs.

James I of Aragon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

James I of Aragon (Catalan: Jaume I, Spanish: Jaime I) (Montpellier February 2, 1208 – July 27, 1276), surnamed the Conqueror, was the king of Aragon, count of Barcelona and Lord of Montpellier from 1219 to 1276.

He was the only child of Peter II of Aragon and Marie of Montpellier. As a child he was a pawn of power politics in Provence, where his father was engaged in struggles in the wars between the Cathars of Albi and Simon de Montfort. Peter endeavoured to placate the northern crusaders by arranging a marriage between his son James and Simon's daughter, entrusting the boy to be educated in Montfort's care in 1211, but Peter was soon forced to take up arms against them, and he was slain at the Battle of Muret September 12, 1213. Montfort would willingly have used James as a means of extending his own power. The Aragonese and Catalans, however, appealed to the pope, who forced Montfort to surrender him in May or June 1214.

James was now entrusted to the care of Guillen de Monredon, the head of the Knights Templar in Spain and Provence. The kingdom was given over to confusion till in 1216 the Templars and some of the more loyal nobles brought the young king to Saragossa.

He first married, in 1221, Leonor, daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile, and then after having the marriage annulled (though a son was declared legitimate), in 1235, Yolande of Hungary, daughter of Andrew II of Hungary. His children were:

Alfonso (1229-1260), married Constance of Moncada, Countess of Bigorre
Violant of Aragon (1236-1301), married Alfonso X of Castile
Peter III of Aragon
Constance of Aragon (1239-1269), married Juan Manuel of Castile, son of Ferdinand III of Castile
James II of Majorca
Isabella of Aragon, married Philip III of France
Sancho, Archbishop of Toledo (1250-1279)
After a false start at uniting Aragon with Navarre through a scheme of mutual adoption, James turned to the south and the Mediterranean, conquered the Balearic Islands (from 1228 over the following four years) and Valencia (the city capitulated September 28, 1238).

With the French, James endeavoured to form a state straddling the Pyrenees, to counterbalance the power of France north of the Loire. As with the earlier Visigothic attempt, this policy was victim of physical, cultural and political obstacles. As in the case of Navarra, he was too wise to launch into perilous adventures. By the Treaty of Corbeil, with Louis IX, signed May, 1258, he frankly withdrew from conflict with the French king, and was content with the recognition of his position, and the surrender of antiquated and illusory French claims to the overlordship of Catalonia.

During his remaining two decades, James warred with the Moors in Murcia, on behalf of his son-in-law Alphonso the Wise of Castile. As a legislator and organizer he occupies a high place among the Spanish kings. The favor he showed his illegitimate offspring led to protest from the nobles, and to conflicts between his sons legitimate and illegitimate. When one of the latter, Fernan Sanchez, who had behaved with gross ingratitude and treason to his father, was slain by the legitimate son Peter, the old king recorded his grim satisfaction.

Majorca Kings Palace at PerpinyàAt the close of his life King James divided his states between his sons by Yolande of Hungary, Peter receiving the Hispanic possessions on the mainland and James, the Kingdom of Majorca (the Balearic Islands and the counties of Roussillon and Cerdagne) and the Lordship of Montpellier, a division which inevitably produced fratricidal conflicts. The king fell very ill at Alcira, and resigned his crown, intending to retire to the monastery of Poblet, but died at Valencia July 7, 1276.

King James wrote or dictated at various stages a chronicle of his own life, "Llibre Dels Fets" in Catalan, which is the first self-chronicle of a Christian king. As well as a fine example of autobiography the "Book of Deeds" expresses concepts of the power and purpose of monarchy, examples of loyalty and treachery in the feudal order, the growth of national sentiment based on homeland, language and culture, and medieval military tactics.

[edit]
External link
The Book of Deeds of James I of Aragon (available in PDF format)
Enycyclopaedia Britannica 1911: James I of Aragon
Medieval Sourcebook: e-text of James's grant of trade privileges to Barcelona, 1232, freeing the city from tolls and imposts with his realms
The Worlds of Alfonso the Learned and James the Conqueror - Robert I. Burns, S.J., ed.
The Crusader Kingdom of Valencia - Robert Ignatius Burns, S.J.
[edit]
Reference
The Book of Deeds of James I of Aragon: A Translation of the Medieval Catalan "Llibre Dels Fets" ("Crusade Texts in Translation" Series) translated and edited by Damian J. Smith and Helena Buffery, 2003

Preceded by:
Peter II King of Aragon
1213-1276 Succeeded by:
Peter III
Count of Barcelona
1213-1276
Preceded by:
New Creation King of Valencia
1238—1276
King of Majorca
1231-1276 Succeeded by:
James II
Preceded by:
Marie Lord of Montpellier
1219-1276

He was placed under regency at 5 years old of his great-uncle Count Sancho of
Roussillin (in Aragon, now in France) until 1218 and began to govern on his
own in 1227. He extended his kingdom by conquest and by marrying a daughter
of Alfonso VIII of Castile. By his 2nd wife, he had many children, but made
his eldest son, Peter, the principal heir. He helped his son-in-law, Alfonso
X of Castile, to suppress the Moors. James was a stout, strong, handsome man
and was criticized for his many love affairs.

[Wikipedia, "James I of Aragon", retrieved 16 Oct 07]
James I the Conqueror (Catalan: Jaume el Conqueridor, Aragonese: Chaime lo Conqueridor, Spanish: Jaime el Conquistador, Occitan: Jacme lo Conquistaire; 2 February 1208 - 27 July 1276) was the King of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, and Lord of Montpellier from 1213 to 1276. His long reign saw the expansion of the Crown of Aragon on all sides: into Valencia to the south, Languedoc to the north, and the Balearic Islands to the east. By a treaty with Louis IX of France, he wrested the Principality of Catalonia from nominal French suzerainty and integrated it into his crown. His part in the Reconquista was similar in Mediterranean Spain to that of his contemporary Ferdinand III of Castile in Andalusia.

As a legislator and organiser, he occupies a high place among the Spanish kings. James compiled the Libre del Consulat de Mar, which governed maritime trade and helped establish Catalan supremacy in the western Mediterranean. He made Catalan the official language of his domains and sponsored Catalan literature, even a quasi-autobiographical chronicle of his reign: the Llibre dels fets.

Early life and reign until majority
James was born at Montpellier as the only child of Peter II and Mary, heiress of William VIII of Montpellier and Eudokia Komnene. As a child, James was a pawn in the power politics of Provence, where his father was engaged in struggles with the Cathar heretics of Albi on one side and the Albigensian Crusaders led by Simon IV de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, who were trying to exterminate them on the other. Peter endeavoured to placate the northern crusaders by arranging a marriage between his son James and Simon's daughter. He entrusted the boy to be educated in Montfort's care in 1211, but was soon forced to take up arms against him, dying at the Battle of Muret on 12 September 1213. Montfort would willingly have used James as a means of extending his own power had not the Aragonese and Catalans appealed to Pope Innocent III, who insisted that Montfort surrender him. James was handed over, at Carcassonne, in May or June 1214, to the papal legate Peter of Benevento.

James was then sent to Monzón, where he was entrusted to the care of William of Montredon, the head of the Knights Templar in Spain and Provence; the regency meanwhile fell to his great uncle Sancho, Count of Roussillon, and his son, the king's cousin, Nuño. The kingdom was given over to confusion until, in 1217, the Templars and some of the more loyal nobles brought the young king to Zaragoza.

In 1221, he was married to Eleanor, daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Leonora of England. The next six years of his reign were full of rebellions on the part of the nobles. By the Peace of Alcalá of 31 March 1227, the nobles and the king came to terms.

Acquisition of Urgell
In 1228, James faced the sternest opposition from a vassal yet. Guerau de Cabrera had occupied the County of Urgell in opposition to Aurembiax, the heiress of Ermengol VIII, who had died without sons in 1208. While Aurembiax' mother, Elvira, had made herself a protegée of James' father, on her death (1220), Guerao had occupied the county and displaced Aurembiax, claiming that a woman could not inherit.

James intervened on behalf of Aurembiax, whom he owed protection. He bought Guerau off and allowed Aurembiax to reclaim her territory, which she did at Lleida, probably also becoming one of James' earliest mistresses. She surrendered Lleida to James and agreed to hold Urgell in fief from him. On her death in 1231, James exchanged the Balearic Islands for Urgell with her widower, Peter of Portugal.

Relations with France and Navarre
From 1230 to 1232, James negotiated with Sancho VII of Navarre, who desired his help against his nephew and closest living male relative, Theobald IV of Champagne. James and Sancho negotiated a treaty whereby James would inherit Navarre on the old Sancho's death, but when this did occur, the Navarrese nobless instead elevated Theobald to the throne (1234), and James disputed it. Pope Gregory IX was required to intervene. In the end, James accepted Theobald's succession.

James endeavoured to form a state straddling the Pyrenees, to counterbalance the power of France north of the Loire. As with the much earlier Visigothic attempt, this policy was victim to physical, cultural, and political obstacles. As in the case of Navarre, he was too wise to launch into perilous adventures. By the Treaty of Corbeil, signed in May 1258, he frankly withdrew from conflict with Louis IX of France and was content with the recognition of his position, and the surrender of antiquated and illusory French claims to the overlordship of Catalonia.

Reconquista
After his false start at uniting Aragon with the Kingdom of Navarre through a scheme of mutual adoption, James turned to the south and the Mediterranean Sea, where he conquered the Balearic Islands (Majorca 1229; Minorca 1232; Ibiza 1235) and where Valencia capitulated 28 September 1238.

During his remaining two decades after Corbeil, James warred with the Moors in Murcia, on behalf of his son-in-law Alfonso X of Castile. On 26 March 1244, the two monarchs signed the Treaty of Almizra to determine the zones of their expansion into Andalusia so as to prevent squabbling between them. Specifically, it defined the borders of the newly-created Kingdom of Valencia. James signed it on that date, but Alfonso did not affirm it until much later. According to the treaty, all lands south of a line from Biar to Villajoyosa through Busot were reserved for Castile.

Patronage of art, learning, and literature
James built and consecrated the Cathedral of Lleida, which was constructed in a style transitional between Romanesque and Gothic with little influence from Moorish styles.

James was a patron of the University of Montpellier, which owed much of its development to his impetus. He also founded a studium at Valencia in 1245 and received privileges for it from Pope Innocent IV, but it did not develop as splendidly. In 1263, James presided over a debate in Barcelona between the Jewish rabbi Nahmanides and Pablo Christiani, a prominent converso.

James was the first great sponsor and patron of vernacular Catalan literature. Indeed, he may himself be called "the first of the Catalan prose writers." James wrote or dictated at various stages a chronicle of his own life, Llibre dels fets in Catalan, which is the first self-chronicle of a Christian king. As well as a fine example of autobiography the "Book of Deeds" expresses concepts of the power and purpose of monarchy; examples of loyalty and treachery in the feudal order; the growth of national sentiment based on homeland, language, and culture; and medieval military tactics.

James also wrote the Libre de la Saviesa or "Book of Wisdom." The book contains proverbs from various authors going back as far as King Solomon and as close to his own time, such as Albert the Great. It even contains maxims from the medieval Arab philosophers and from the Apophthegmata Philosophorum of Honein ben Ishak, which was probably translated at Barcelona during his reign. A Hebrew translator by the name of Jehuda was employed at James's court during this period.

Though James was himself a prose writer and sponsored mostly prose works, he had an appreciation of verse. In consequence of the Albigensian Crusade, many troubadours were forced to flee southern France and many found refuge in Aragon and Catalonia. Notwithstanding his early patronage of poetry, by the influence of his confessor Ramon de Penyafort, James brought the Inquisition into his realm in 1233 to prevent any vernacular translation of the Bible.

Succession
The favour James showed his illegitimate offspring led to protest from the nobles, and to conflicts between his sons legitimate and illegitimate. When one of the latter, Fernán Sánchez, who had behaved with gross ingratitude and treason to his father, was slain by the legitimate son Peter, the old king recorded his grim satisfaction.

At the close of his life, James divided his states between his sons by Yolanda of Hungary: the aforementioned Peter received the Hispanic possessions on the mainland and James, the Kingdom of Majorca (including the Balearic Islands and the counties of Roussillon and Cerdanya) and the Lordship of Montpellier. The division inevitably produced fratricidal conflicts. In 1276, the king fell very ill at Alzira and resigned his crown, intending to retire to the monastery of Poblet, but he died at Valencia on 27 July.

Marriages and children
James first married, in 1221, Eleanor, daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Leonora of England. Though he later had the marriage annulled, his one son by her was declared legitimate:

Alfonso (1229-1260), married Constance of Montcada, Countess of Bigorre
In 1235, James remarried to Yolanda, daughter of Andrew II of Hungary by his second wife Yolande de Courtenay. She bore him numerous children:

Yolanda, also known as Violant, (1236-1301), married Alfonso X of Castile
Constance (1239-1269), married Juan Manuel, Lord of Villena, son of Ferdinand III
Peter (1240-1285), successor in Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia
James (1243-1311), successor in Balearics and Languedoc
Ferdinand (1245-1250)
Sancha (1246-1251)
Isabella (1247-1271), married Philip III of France
Mary (1248-1267), nun
Sancho, Archbishop of Toledo (1250-1279)
Eleanor (born 1251, died young)
James married thirdly Teresa Gil de Vidaure, but only by a private document, and left her when she developed leprosy.

James (c.1255?1285), lord of Xèrica
Peter (1259?1318), lord of Ayerbe
James also had several lovers, both during and after his marriages, and a few bore him illegitimate sons.

By Blanca d'Antillón:

Ferran Sanchis (or Fernando Sánchez; 1240?1275), baron of Castro
By Berenguela Fernández:

Pedro Fernández, baron of Híjar
By Elvira Sarroca:

Jaume Sarroca (born 1248), Archbishop of Huesca

Jaime I de Aragón (Montpellier, 2 de febrero de 1208 - Alcira, 27 de julio de 1276) fue rey de Aragón (1213 - 1276), de Valencia (1239-76) y de Mallorca (1229-1276), conde de Barcelona (1213-1276), señor de Montpellier (1219-1276) y de otros feudos en Occitania.

James I the Conqueror (Catalan: Jaume el Conqueridor, Aragonese: Chaime lo Conqueridor, Spanish: Jaime el Conquistador, Occitan: Jacme lo Conquistaire; 2 February 1208 – 27 July 1276) was the King of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, and Lord of Montpellier from 1213 to 1276. His long reign saw the expansion of the Crown of Aragon on all sides: into Valencia to the south, Languedoc to the north, and the Balearic Islands to the east. By a treaty with Louis IX of France, he wrested the county of Barcelona from nominal French suzerainty and integrated it into his crown. His part in the Reconquista was similar in Mediterranean Spain to that of his contemporary Ferdinand III of Castile in Andalusia.
As a legislator and organiser, he occupies a high place among the Spanish kings. James compiled the Libre del Consulat de Mar,[1] which governed maritime trade and helped establish Catalan supremacy in the western Mediterranean. He made Catalan the official language of his domains[2] and sponsored Catalan literature, even a quasi-autobiographical chronicle of his reign: the Llibre dels fets.
, James faced the sternest opposition from a vassal yet. Guerau de Cabrera had occupied the County of Urgell in opposition to Aurembiax, the heiress of Ermengol VIII, who had died without sons in 1208. While Aurembiax' mother, Elvira, had made herself a protegée of James' father, on her death (1220), Guerao had occupied the county and displaced Aurembiax, claiming that a woman could not inherit.
James intervened on behalf of Aurembiax, whom he owed protection. He bought Guerau off and allowed Aurembiax to reclaim her territory, which she did at Lleida, probably also becoming one of James' earliest mistresses.[5] She surrendered Lleida to James and agreed to hold Urgell in fief from him. On her death in 1231, James exchanged the Balearic Islands for Urgell with her widower, Peter of Portugal
James was the first great sponsor and patron of vernacular Catalan literature. Indeed, he may himself be called "the first of the Catalan prose writers."[12] James wrote or dictated at various stages a chronicle of his own life, Llibre dels fets in Catalan, which is the first self-chronicle of a Christian king. As well as a fine example of autobiography the "Book of Deeds" expresses concepts of the power and purpose of monarchy; examples of loyalty and treachery in the feudal order; the growth of national sentiment based on homeland, language, and culture; and medieval military tactics.
The favour James showed his illegitimate offspring led to protest from the nobles, and to conflicts between his sons legitimate and illegitimate. When one of the latter, Fernán Sánchez, who had behaved with gross ingratitude and treason to his father, was slain by the legitimate son Peter, the old king recorded his grim satisfaction.
At the close of his life, James divided his states between his sons by Yolanda of Hungary: the aforementioned Peter received the Hispanic possessions on the mainland and James, the Kingdom of Majorca (including the Balearic Islands and the counties of Roussillon and Cerdanya) and the Lordship of Montpellier. The division inevitably produced fratricidal conflicts. In 1276, the king fell very ill at Alzira and resigned his crown, intending to retire to the monastery of Poblet, but he died at Valencia on 27 July.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
James I of Aragon (Catalan: Jaume I) (Montpellier February 2, 1208 -July 27, 1276), surnamed the Conqueror, was the king of Aragon, countof Barcelona and Lord of Montpellier from 1213 to 1276.

As a child he was a pawn of power politics in Provence, where hisfather was engaged in struggles in the wars between the Cathars ofAlbi and Simon de Montfort. Peter endeavoured to placate the northerncrusaders by arranging a marriage between his son James and Simon'sdaughter, entrusting the boy to be educated in Montfort's care in1211, but Peter was soon forced to take up arms against them, and hewas slain at Muret September 12, 1213. Montfort would willingly haveused James as a means of extending his own power. The Aragonese andCatalans, however, appealed to the pope, who forced Montfort tosurrender him in May or June 1214.

James was now entrusted to the care of Guillen de Monredon, the headof the Knights Templar in Spain and Provence. The kingdom was givenover to confusion till in 1216 the Templars and some of the more loyalnobles brought the young king to Saragossa.

He first married, in 1221, Eleanor, daughter of Alfonso VIII ofCastile, and then after having the marriage annulled (though a son wasdeclared legitimate), in 1235, Yolande of Hungary, daughter of AndrewII of Hungary. With Yolande he was the father of Isabella of Aragon,who married Philip III of France.

After a false start at uniting Aragon with Navarra through a scheme ofmutual adoption, James turned to the south and the Mediterranean,conquered the Balearic Islands (from 1228 over the following fouryears) and Valencia (the city capitulated September 28, 1238).

With the French, James endeavoured to form a state straddling thePyrenees, to counterbalance the power of France north of the Loire. Aswith the earlier Visigothic attempt, this policy was victim ofphysical, cultural and political obstacles. As in the case of Navarra,he was too wise to launch into perilous adventures. By the Treaty ofCorbeil, with Louis IX, signed May 1258, he frankly withdrew fromconflict with the French king, and was content with the recognition ofhis position, and the surrender of antiquated and illusory Frenchclaims to the overlordship of Catalonia.

During his remaining two decades, James warred with the Moors inMurcia, on behalf of his son-in-law Alphonso the Wise of Castile. As alegislator and organizer he occupies a high place among the Spanishkings. The favor he showed his bastards led to protest from thenobles, and to conflicts between his sons legitimate and illegitimate.When one of the latter, Fernan Sanchez, who had behaved with grossingratitude and treason to his father, was slain by the legitimate sonPedro, the old king recorded his grim satisfaction.

At the close of his life King James divided his states between hissons by Yolande of Hungary, Peter receiving the Hispanic possessionson the mainland and James, the Kingdom of Majorca (the BalearicIslands) and the Lordship of Montpellier, a division which inevitablyproduced fratricidal conflicts. The king fell very ill at Alcira, andresigned his crown, intending to retire to the monastery of Poblet,but died at Valencia July 7, 1276.

King James wrote or dictated at various stages a chronicle of his ownlife, "Llibre Dels Fets" in Catalan, which is the first self-chronicleof a Christian king. As well as a fine example of autobiography the"Book of Deeds" expresses concepts of the power and purpose ofmonarchy, examples of loyalty and treachery in the feudal order, thegrowth of national sentiment based on homeland, language and culture,and medieval military tactics.

Like his Grandfather ascended to the crown at the age of five. It wasrunby a regency until he came of age; and his Uncle Sanc, Count OfProvence,managed the finances and paid off his fathers debts.
He later becameknown for leading military campaigns that capturedMajorca and otherBalearic Islands, as well as Valencia, from the Moors.

Like his Grandfather ascended to the crown at the age of five. It wasrunby a regency until he came of age; and his Uncle Sanc, Count OfProvence,managed the finances and paid off his fathers debts.
He later becameknown for leading military campaigns that capturedMajorca and otherBalearic Islands, as well as Valencia, from the Moors.

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GIVN James (Jaime) I of
SURN Aragon
ABBR Our Family Museum
TITL Our Family Museum: A Collection of Family History Notes
AUTH James Nohl Churchyard
QUAY 1
ABBR Our Family Museum
TITL Our Family Museum: A Collection of Family History Notes
AUTH James Nohl Churchyard
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GIVN James I King
SURN Aragon
AFN 8XJ5-B8

GIVN Jacquesjayme I King
SURN de Aragon
REPO @REPO1@
TITL World Family Tree Vol. 5, Ed. 1
AUTH BräA¸derbund Software, Inc.
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ABBR World Family Tree Vol. 5, Ed. 1
Customer pedigree.
Source Media Type: Family Archive CD
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REPO @REPO1@
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Customer pedigree.
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Customer pedigree.
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TITL Garner, Lorraine Ann "Lori"
PUBL P.O. Box 577, Bayview, ID 83803
Her sources included, but may not be limited to: Burke's Landed Gentry,Burke's Dormant & Extinct Peerage, Burke's Peerage of AmericanPresidents, Debrett's Peerage, Oxford histories & "numerous
other reference works"
very good to excellent, although she has a tendency to follow Burke's
REPO
Hardcopy notes of Lori Garner Elmore.
CALN
MEDI Letter
DATA
TEXT d 1276
_FA1
PLAC Acceded: 1213. Crown under regency until he came of age.
TITL Garner, Lorraine Ann "Lori"
PUBL P.O. Box 577, Bayview, ID 83803
Her sources included, but may not be limited to: Burke's Landed Gentry,Burke's Dormant & Extinct Peerage, Burke's Peerage of AmericanPresidents, Debrett's Peerage, Oxford histories & "numerous
other reference works"
very good to excellent, although she has a tendency to follow Burke's
REPO
Hardcopy notes of Lori Garner Elmore.
CALN
MEDI Letter
PAGE Courtenay
DATA
TEXT date info only
_FA2
PLAC Led military campaigns that captured Majorca and the other BalearicIslands.
_FA3
PLAC Took Valencia from the Moors.
_FA4
PLAC His uncle Sanc, Count of Provence, managed finances & paid off hisfather's
_FA5
PLAC debts during Jaime's minority.

GIVN Jaime I Pedrez von Aragon &
SURN Mallorca
AFN 8XJ5-B8
_PRIMARY Y
DATE 3 OCT 2000
TIME 22:53:29

Like his grandfather, ascended to the crown at the age of five. It was run by
a regency until he came of age; and his uncle Sanc, Count of Provence,
managed the finances and paid off his father's debts. He later became known
for leading military campaigns that captured Majorca and the other Balearic
islands, as well as Valencia, from the Moors.

{geni:occupation} King of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, and Lord of Montpellier, Rey de Aragón, Conde de Barcelona y Señor de Montpellier, Rey de Aragón (1213-1276), Conde de Barcelona (1213-1276), Señor de Montpellier (1213-1276)

{geni:about_me} Jaime I de Aragón
De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_I_de_Arag%C3%B3n

Jaime I de Aragón (Montpellier, 2 de febrero de 1208 - Alcira, 27 de julio de 1276) fue rey de Aragón (1213 - 1276), de Valencia (1239-76) y de Mallorca (1229-1276), conde de Barcelona (1213-1276), señor de Montpellier (1219-1276) y de otros feudos en Occitania.

Hijo de Pedro II el Católico y de María de Montpellier, era el heredero de dos importantes linajes: la Casa de Aragón y el de los emperadores de Bizancio, por parte de su madre.

Tuvo una infancia difícil. Su padre, que acabaría repudiando a la reina, sólo llegó a concebirlo mediante engaño de algunos nobles y eclesiásticos que temían por la falta de un sucesor, y la colaboración de María, haciendo creer a Pedro que se acostaba con una de sus amantes. Estas circunstancias produjeron el rechazo de Pedro II hacia el pequeño Jaime, a quien no conoció sino a los dos años de su nacimiento. A esa edad, el rey hizo un pacto matrimonial para entregar a su hijo Jaime a la tutela de Simón, Señor de Montfort, para casarlo con la hija de éste, Amicia, para lo cual el niño iba a ser recluido en el castillo de Carcasona hasta los 18 años.

A la muerte de su padre, durante la cruzada albigense, en la batalla de Muret (1213), Simón de Montfort se resistió a entregar a Jaime a los aragoneses hasta después de un año de reclamaciones y sólo por mandato del papa Inocencio III. Durante su minoría de edad, estuvo bajo la tutela de los caballeros templarios en el castillo de Monzón, habiendo sido encomendado a Guillém de Mont-Rodon, junto con su primo de la misma edad, el Conde de Provenza Ramón Berenguer V. Mientras, actuaba como regente del reino el conde Sancho Raimúndez, hijo de Petronila de Aragón y Ramón Berenguer IV y tío abuelo de Jaime. Heredó el señorío de Montpellier a la muerte de su madre (1213).

Huérfano de padre y madre, tenía unos 6 años cuando fue jurado en las Cortes de Lérida de 1214. En septiembre de 1218 se celebraron por primera vez en Lérida unas Cortes generales de aragoneses y catalanes, en las cuales fue declarado mayor de edad.

En febrero de 1221 se desposó con Leonor de Castilla, hermana de Doña Berenguela y tía de Fernando III de Castilla. Anulado su primer casamiento por razón de parentesco, contrajo segundo matrimonio con la princesa Violante (8 de septiembre de 1235), hija de Andrés II, rey de Hungría. Por el testamento de su primo Nuño Sánchez, heredó los condados de Rosellón y Cerdaña y el vizcondado de Fenolledas en Francia (1241).

De su primera mujer, Leonor, tuvo a don Alfonso (1229-1260). Se casó con Constanza de Moncada.

De la segunda, Violante de Hungría, tuvo a:

Don Pedro (futuro Pedro III el Grande), que le sucedió en los reinos de Aragón, Valencia y en los condados catalanes.
Don Jaime (futuro Jaime II de Mallorca), que heredó el reino de Mallorca, que comprendía las islas Baleares —Mallorca, Menorca (todavía bajo el poder de un soberano musulmán aunque tributaria desde 1231), Ibiza y Formentera—, los condados del Rosellón y la Cerdaña y los territorios que el Conquistador conservaba en Occitania (el señorío de Montpellier, el vizcondado de Carlades, en Auvernia, y la baronía de Omelades, contigua a Montpellier).
Don Fernando (1245-1250), que murió niño.
Don Sancho (1250-1275), arcediano de Belchite, abad de Valladolid y arzobispo de Toledo, falleció prisionero de los moros granadinos.
Doña Violante de Aragón (1236-1301), mujer de Alfonso X el Sabio.
Doña Constanza (1239-1269), esposa del infante castellano Don Manuel, hermano de Alfonso X el Sabio.
Doña Sancha, que se hizo monja y murió en Jerusalén.
Doña María (1248-1267), religiosa también.
Doña Isabel (1247-1271), esposa de Felipe III el Atrevido, hijo de San Luis de Francia.
--------------------
James I the Conqueror (Catalan: Jaume el Conqueridor, Aragonese: Chaime lo Conqueridor, Spanish: Jaime el Conquistador, Occitan: Jacme; 2 February 1208 – 27 July 1276) was the King of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, and Lord of Montpellier from 1213 to 1276. His long reign saw the expansion of the Crown of Aragon on all sides: into Valencia to the south, Languedoc to the north, and the Balearic Islands to the east. By a treaty with Louis IX of France, he wrested the Principality of Catalonia from nominal French suzerainty and integrated it into his crown. His part in the Reconquista was similar in Mediterranean Spain to that of his contemporary Ferdinand III of Castile in Andalusia.

As a legislator and organiser, he occupies a high place among the Spanish kings. James compiled the Libre del Consulat de Mar,[1] which governed maritime trade and helped establish Catalan supremacy in the western Mediterranean. He made Catalan the official language of his domains[2] and sponsored Catalan literature, even a quasi-autobiographical chronicle of his reign: the Llibre dels fets.

James was born at Montpellier as the only child of Peter II and Mary, heiress of William VIII of Montpellier and Eudokia Komnene. As a child, James was a pawn in the power politics of Provence, where his father was engaged in struggles with the Cathar heretics of Albi on one side and the Albigensian Crusaders led by Simon IV de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, who were trying to exterminate them on the other. Peter endeavoured to placate the northern crusaders by arranging a marriage between his son James and Simon's daughter. He entrusted the boy to be educated in Montfort's care in 1211, but was soon forced to take up arms against him, dying at the Battle of Muret on 12 September 1213. Montfort would willingly have used James as a means of extending his own power had not the Aragonese and Catalans appealed to Pope Innocent III, who insisted that Montfort surrender him. James was handed over, at Carcassonne, in May or June 1214, to the papal legate Peter of Benevento.

James was then sent to Monzón, where he was entrusted to the care of William of Montredon, the head of the Knights Templar in Spain and Provence; the regency meanwhile fell to his great uncle Sancho, Count of Roussillon, and his son, the king's cousin, Nuño. The kingdom was given over to confusion until, in 1217, the Templars and some of the more loyal nobles brought the young king to Zaragoza.[3]

In 1221, he was married to Eleanor, daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Leonora of England. The next six years of his reign were full of rebellions on the part of the nobles. By the Peace of Alcalá of 31 March 1227, the nobles and the king came to terms.[4]

James first married, in 1221, Eleanor, daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Leonora of England. Though he later had the marriage annulled, his one son by her was declared legitimate:

Alfonso (1229–1260), married Constance of Montcada, Countess of Bigorre
In 1235, James remarried to Yolanda, daughter of Andrew II of Hungary by his second wife Yolande de Courtenay. She bore him numerous children:

Yolanda, also known as Violant, (1236–1301), married Alfonso X of Castile
Constance (1239–1269), married Juan Manuel, Lord of Villena, son of Ferdinand III
Peter (1240–1285), successor in Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia
James (1243–1311), successor in Balearics and Languedoc
Ferdinand (1245–1250)
Sancha (1246–1251)
Isabella (1247–1271), married Philip III of France
Mary (1248–1267), nun
Sancho, Archbishop of Toledo (1250–1279)
Eleanor (born 1251, died young)
James married thirdly Teresa Gil de Vidaure, but only by a private document, and left her when she developed leprosy.

James (c.1255–1285), lord of Xèrica
Peter (1259–1318), lord of Ayerbe
James also had several lovers, both during and after his marriages, and a few bore him illegitimate sons.

By Blanca d'Antillón:

Ferran Sanchis (or Fernando Sánchez; 1240–1275), baron of Castro
By Berenguela Fernández:

Pedro Fernández, baron of Híjar
By Elvira Sarroca:

Jaume Sarroca (born 1248), Archbishop of Huesca
--------------------
Jaime I, Rey de Aragón ▼1
M, #106799, b. 1205, d. 25 July 1276
Last Edited=5 May 2009

Jaime I, Rey de Aragón was born in 1205. ▼1
He was the son of Pedro II, Rey de Aragón and Marie de Montpelier. ▼2
He married, firstly, Eleanor de Castilla, daughter of Alfonso VIII, Rey de Castilla and Eleanor Plantagenet, in 1221. ▼2 He and Eleanor de Castilla were divorced in 1229. ▼1
He married, secondly, Yolante Arpád, daughter of Andreas II Arpád, King of Hungary and Yolande de Courtney, on 8 September 1235.
He married, thirdly, Theresa Vidaure after 1251. ▼2
He died on 25 July 1276.
Jaime I, Rey de Aragón also went by the nick-name of Jaime 'the COnqueror' (?). ▼3 He succeeded to the title of Rey Jaime I de Aragón in 1213. ▼2

Child of Jaime I, Rey de Aragón and Eleanor de Castilla
-1. Alfonso de Aragón, Infante de Aragón ▼2 b. c 1200, d. 1260

Children of Jaime I, Rey de Aragón and Yolante Arpád
-1. Yolante de Aragón+ ▼4 d. 1300
-2. Pedro de Ayerve ▼4
-3. Sancho de Aragón ▼4 d. 1275
-4. Constanza de Aragón+ ▼5 d. c 1269
-5. Pedro III, Rey de Aragón+ ▼4 b. 1236, d. 1285
-6. Isabel de Aragón+ ▼4 b. 1243, d. 28 Jan 1271
-7. Jaime I, Rey de Majorca+ ▼4 b. 1243, d. 1311

Source / Forrás:
http://thepeerage.com/p10680.htm#i106799

--------------------
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_Aragon
--------------------
James I of Aragon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

James I the Conqueror (Catalan: Jaume el Conqueridor, Aragonese: Chaime lo Conqueridor, Spanish: Jaime el Conquistador, Occitan: Jacme lo Conquistaire; 2 February 1208 – 27 July 1276) was the King of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, and Lord of Montpellier from 1213 to 1276. His long reign saw the expansion of the Crown of Aragon on all sides: into Valencia to the south, Languedoc to the north, and the Balearic Islands to the east. By a treaty with Louis IX of France, he wrested the county of Barcelona from nominal French suzerainty and integrated it into his crown. His part in the Reconquista was similar in Mediterranean Spain to that of his contemporary Ferdinand III of Castile in Andalusia.
As a legislator and organiser, he occupies a high place among the Spanish kings. James compiled the Libre del Consulat de Mar,[1] which governed maritime trade and helped establish Catalan supremacy in the western Mediterranean. He made Catalan the official language of his domains[2] and sponsored Catalan literature, even a quasi-autobiographical chronicle of his reign: the Llibre dels fets.

Early life and reign until majority

James was born at Montpellier as the only son of Peter II and Mary, heiress of William VIII of Montpellier and Eudokia Komnene. As a child, James was a pawn in the power politics of Provence, where his father was engaged in struggles helping the Cathar heretics of Albi against the Albigensian Crusaders led by Simon IV de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, who were trying to exterminate them. Peter endeavoured to placate the northern crusaders by arranging a marriage between his son James and Simon's daughter. He entrusted the boy to be educated in Montfort's care in 1211, but was soon forced to take up arms against him, dying at the Battle of Muret on 12 September 1213. Montfort would willingly have used James as a means of extending his own power had not the Aragonese and Catalans appealed to Pope Innocent III, who insisted that Montfort surrender him. James was handed over, at Carcassonne, in May or June 1214, to the papal legate Peter of Benevento.
James was then sent to Monzón, where he was entrusted to the care of William of Montredon, the head of the Knights Templar in Spain and Provence; the regency meanwhile fell to his great uncle Sancho, Count of Roussillon, and his son, the king's cousin, Nuño. The kingdom was given over to confusion until, in 1217, the Templars and some of the more loyal nobles brought the young king to Zaragoza.[3]
In 1221, he was married to Eleanor, daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Leonora of England. The next six years of his reign were full of rebellions on the part of the nobles. By the Peace of Alcalá of 31 March 1227, the nobles and the king came to terms.[4]
[edit]Acquisition of Urgell

In 1228, James faced the sternest opposition from a vassal yet. Guerau de Cabrera had occupied the County of Urgell in opposition to Aurembiax, the heiress of Ermengol VIII, who had died without sons in 1208. While Aurembiax' mother, Elvira, had made herself a protegée of James' father, on her death (1220), Guerao had occupied the county and displaced Aurembiax, claiming that a woman could not inherit.
James intervened on behalf of Aurembiax, whom he owed protection. He bought Guerau off and allowed Aurembiax to reclaim her territory, which she did at Lleida, probably also becoming one of James' earliest mistresses.[5] She surrendered Lleida to James and agreed to hold Urgell in fief from him. On her death in 1231, James exchanged the Balearic Islands for Urgell with her widower, Peter of Portugal.

Relations with France and Navarre

From 1230 to 1232, James negotiated with Sancho VII of Navarre, who desired his help against his nephew and closest living male relative, Theobald IV of Champagne. James and Sancho negotiated a treaty whereby James would inherit Navarre on the old Sancho's death, but when this did occur, the Navarrese nobless instead elevated Theobald to the throne (1234), and James disputed it. Pope Gregory IX was required to intervene.[6] In the end, James accepted Theobald's succession.
James endeavoured to form a state straddling the Pyrenees, to counterbalance the power of France north of the Loire. As with the much earlier Visigothic attempt, this policy was victim to physical, cultural, and political obstacles. As in the case of Navarre, he was too wise to launch into perilous adventures. By the Treaty of Corbeil, signed in May 1258, he frankly withdrew from conflict with Louis IX of France and was content with the recognition of his position, and the surrender of antiquated and illusory French claims to the overlordship of Catalonia.
[edit]Reconquista

After his false start at uniting Aragon with the Kingdom of Navarre through a scheme of mutual adoption, James turned to the south and the Mediterranean Sea, where he conquered the Balearic Islands (Majorca 1229; Minorca 1232; Ibiza 1235) and where Valencia capitulated 28 September 1238.
During his remaining two decades after Corbeil, James warred with the Moors in Murcia, on behalf of his son-in-law Alfonso X of Castile. On 26 March 1244, the two monarchs signed the Treaty of Almizra to determine the zones of their expansion into Andalusia so as to prevent squabbling between them. Specifically, it defined the borders of the newly-created Kingdom of Valencia. James signed it on that date, but Alfonso did not affirm it until much later. According to the treaty, all lands south of a line from Biar to Villajoyosa through Busot were reserved for Castile.
[edit]Crusade of 1269

The "khan of Tartary" (actually the Ilkhan) Abaqa corresponded with James in early 1267, inviting him to join forces with the Mongols and go on Crusade.[7] James sent an ambassador to Abaqa in the person of Jayme Alaric de Perpignan, who returned with a Mongol embassy in 1269.[8] Pope Clement IV tried to dissuade James from Crusading, regarding his moral character as sub-par, and Alfonso X did the same. Nonetheless, James, who was then campaigning in Murcia, made peace with Mohammed I ibn Nasr, the Sultan of Granada, and set about collecting funds for a Crusade. After organising the government for his absence and assembling a fleet at Barcelona in September 1269, he was ready to sail east. The troubadour Olivier lo Templier composed a song praising the voyage and hoping for its success. A storm, however, drove him off course and he landed at Aigues-Mortes. According the the continuator of William of Tyre, he returned via Montpellier por l'amor de sa dame Berenguiere ("for the love his lady Berengaria") and abandoned any further effort at a Crusade. I
James' bastard sons Pedro Fernández and Fernán Sánchez, who had been given command of part of the fleet, did continue on their way to Acre, where they arrived in December. They found that Baibars, the Mameluke sultan of Egypt, had broken his truce with the Kingdom of Jerusalem and was making a demonstration of his military power in front of Acre. During the demonstration, Egyptian troops hidden in the bushes ambushed a returning Frankish force which had been in Galilee. James' sons, initially eager for a fight, changed their minds after this spectacle and returned home via Sicily, where Fernán Sánchez was knighted by Charles of Anjou.

Patronage of art, learning, and literature

James built and consecrated the Cathedral of Lleida, which was constructed in a style transitional between Romanesque and Gothic with little influence from Moorish styles.[9]
James was a patron of the University of Montpellier, which owed much of its development to his impetus.[10] He also founded a studium at Valencia in 1245 and received privileges for it from Pope Innocent IV, but it did not develop as splendidly.[11] In 1263, James presided over a debate in Barcelona between the Jewish rabbi Nahmanides and Pablo Christiani, a prominent converso.
James was the first great sponsor and patron of vernacular Catalan literature. Indeed, he may himself be called "the first of the Catalan prose writers."[12] James wrote or dictated at various stages a chronicle of his own life, Llibre dels fets in Catalan, which is the first self-chronicle of a Christian king. As well as a fine example of autobiography the "Book of Deeds" expresses concepts of the power and purpose of monarchy; examples of loyalty and treachery in the feudal order; the growth of national sentiment based on homeland, language, and culture; and medieval military tactics.
James also wrote the Libre de la Saviesa or "Book of Wisdom." The book contains proverbs from various authors going back as far as King Solomon and as close to his own time, such as Albert the Great. It even contains maxims from the medieval Arab philosophers and from the Apophthegmata Philosophorum of Honein ben Ishak, which was probably translated at Barcelona during his reign. A Hebrew translator by the name of Jehuda was employed at James's court during this period.[13]
Though James was himself a prose writer and sponsored mostly prose works, he had an appreciation of verse.[14] In consequence of the Albigensian Crusade, many troubadours were forced to flee southern France and many found refuge in Aragon and Catalonia. Notwithstanding his early patronage of poetry, by the influence of his confessor Ramon de Penyafort, James brought the Inquisition into his realm in 1233 to prevent any vernacular translation of the Bible.[15]

Succession

The favour James showed his illegitimate offspring led to protest from the nobles, and to conflicts between his sons legitimate and illegitimate. When one of the latter, Fernán Sánchez, who had behaved with gross ingratitude and treason to his father, was slain by the legitimate son Peter, the old king recorded his grim satisfaction.
At the close of his life, James divided his states between his sons by Yolanda of Hungary: the aforementioned Peter received the Hispanic possessions on the mainland and James, the Kingdom of Majorca (including the Balearic Islands and the counties of Roussillon and Cerdanya) and the Lordship of Montpellier. The division inevitably produced fratricidal conflicts. In 1276, the king fell very ill at Alzira and resigned his crown, intending to retire to the monastery of Poblet, but he died at Valencia on 27 July.

Marriages and children

James first married, in 1221, Eleanor, daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Leonora of England. Though he later had the marriage annulled, his one son by her was declared legitimate:
Alfonso (1229–1260), married Constance of Montcada, Countess of Bigorre
In 1235, James remarried to Yolanda, daughter of Andrew II of Hungary by his second wife Yolande de Courtenay. She bore him numerous children:
Yolanda, also known as Violant, (1236–1301), married Alfonso X of Castile
Constance (1239–1269), married Juan Manuel, Lord of Villena, son of Ferdinand III
Peter (1240–1285), successor in Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia
James (1243–1311), successor in Balearics and Languedoc
Ferdinand (1245–1250)
Sancha (1246–1251)
Isabella (1247–1271), married Philip III of France
Mary (1248–1267), nun
Sancho, Archbishop of Toledo (1250–1279)
Eleanor (born 1251, died young)
James married thirdly Teresa Gil de Vidaure, but only by a private document, and left her when she developed leprosy.
James (c.1255–1285), lord of Xèrica
Peter (1259–1318), lord of Ayerbe
James also had several lovers, both during and after his marriages, and a few bore him illegitimate sons.
By Blanca d'Antillón:
Ferran Sanchis (or Fernando Sánchez; 1240–1275), baron of Castro
By Berenguela Fernández:
Pedro Fernández, baron of Híjar
By Elvira Sarroca:
Jaume Sarroca (born 1248), Archbishop of Huesca

--------------------
James I the Conqueror (Catalan: Jaume el Conqueridor, Aragonese: Chaime lo Conqueridor, Spanish: Jaime el Conquistador, Occitan: Jacme lo Conquistaire; 2 February 1208 – 27 July 1276) was the King of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, and Lord of Montpellier from 1213 to 1276. His long reign saw the expansion of the Crown of Aragon on all sides: into Valencia to the south, Languedoc to the north, and the Balearic Islands to the east. By a treaty with Louis IX of France, he wrested the county of Barcelona from nominal French suzerainty and integrated it into his crown. His part in the Reconquista was similar in Mediterranean Spain to that of his contemporary Ferdinand III of Castile in Andalusia.

As a legislator and organiser, he occupies a significant place among the Spanish kings. James compiled the Libre del Consulat de Mar, which governed maritime trade and helped establish Aragonese supremacy in the western Mediterranean. He was an important figure in the development of Catalan, sponsoring Catalan literature and writing a quasi-autobiographical chronicle of his reign: the Llibre dels fets.

Early life and reign until majority

James was born at Montpellier as the only son of Peter II and Mary, heiress of William VIII of Montpellier and Eudokia Komnene. As a child, James was a pawn in the power politics of Provence, where his father was engaged in struggles helping the Cathar heretics of Albi against the Albigensian Crusaders led by Simon IV de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, who were trying to exterminate them. Peter endeavoured to placate the northern crusaders by arranging a marriage between his son James and Simon's daughter. He entrusted the boy to be educated in Montfort's care in 1211, but was soon forced to take up arms against him, dying at the Battle of Muret on 12 September 1213. Montfort would willingly have used James as a means of extending his own power had not the Aragonese and Catalans appealed to Pope Innocent III, who insisted that Montfort surrender him. James was handed over, at Carcassonne, in May or June 1214, to the papal legate Peter of Benevento.

James was then sent to Monzón, where he was entrusted to the care of William of Montredon, the head of the Knights Templar in Spain and Provence; the regency meanwhile fell to his great uncle Sancho, Count of Roussillon, and his son, the king's cousin, Nuño. The kingdom was given over to confusion until, in 1217, the Templars and some of the more loyal nobles brought the young king to Zaragoza.

In 1221, he was married to Eleanor, daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Leonora of England. The next six years of his reign were full of rebellions on the part of the nobles. By the Peace of Alcalá of 31 March 1227, the nobles and the king came to terms.
Acquisition of Urgell

In 1228, James faced the sternest opposition from a vassal yet. Guerau IV de Cabrera had occupied the County of Urgell in opposition to Aurembiax, the heiress of Ermengol VIII, who had died without sons in 1208. While Aurembiax's mother, Elvira, had made herself a protegée of James's father, on her death (1220), Guerao had occupied the county and displaced Aurembiax, claiming that a woman could not inherit.

James intervened on behalf of Aurembiax, whom he owed protection. He bought Guerau off and allowed Aurembiax to reclaim her territory, which she did at Lleida, probably also becoming one of James' earliest mistresses. She surrendered Lleida to James and agreed to hold Urgell in fief from him. On her death in 1231, James exchanged the Balearic Islands for Urgell with her widower, Peter of Portugal.
Relations with France and Navarre

From 1230 to 1232, James negotiated with Sancho VII of Navarre, who desired his help against his nephew and closest living male relative, Theobald IV of Champagne. James and Sancho negotiated a treaty whereby James would inherit Navarre on the old Sancho's death, but when this did occur, the Navarrese nobless instead elevated Theobald to the throne (1234), and James disputed it. Pope Gregory IX was required to intervene. In the end, James accepted Theobald's succession.

James endeavoured to form a state straddling the Pyrenees, to counterbalance the power of France north of the Loire. As with the much earlier Visigothic attempt, this policy was victim to physical, cultural, and political obstacles. As in the case of Navarre, he was too wise to launch into perilous adventures. By the Treaty of Corbeil, signed in May 1258, he frankly withdrew from conflict with Louis IX of France and was content with the recognition of his position, and the surrender of antiquated and illusory French claims to the overlordship of Catalonia.
Reconquest

After his false start at uniting Aragon with the Kingdom of Navarre through a scheme of mutual adoption, James turned to the south and the Mediterranean Sea, where he conquered Majorca on 10 September in 1229 and the rest of the Balearic Islands; Minorca 1232; Ibiza 1235) and where Valencia capitulated 28 September 1238. Chroniclers say he used gunpowder in the siege of Museros castle.

During his remaining two decades after Corbeil, James warred with the Moors in Murcia, on behalf of his son-in-law Alfonso X of Castile. On 26 March 1244, the two monarchs signed the Treaty of Almizra to determine the zones of their expansion into Andalusia so as to prevent squabbling between them. Specifically, it defined the borders of the newly-created Kingdom of Valencia. James signed it on that date, but Alfonso did not affirm it until much later. According to the treaty, all lands south of a line from Biar to Villajoyosa through Busot were reserved for Castile.
Crusade of 1269

The "khan of Tartary" (actually the Ilkhan) Abaqa corresponded with James in early 1267, inviting him to join forces with the Mongols and go on Crusade.[6] James sent an ambassador to Abaqa in the person of Jayme Alaric de Perpignan, who returned with a Mongol embassy in 1269.[7] Pope Clement IV tried to dissuade James from Crusading, regarding his moral character as sub-par, and Alfonso X did the same. Nonetheless, James, who was then campaigning in Murcia, made peace with Mohammed I ibn Nasr, the Sultan of Granada, and set about collecting funds for a Crusade. After organising the government for his absence and assembling a fleet at Barcelona in September 1269, he was ready to sail east. The troubadour Olivier lo Templier composed a song praising the voyage and hoping for its success. A storm, however, drove him off course and he landed at Aigues-Mortes. According to the continuator of William of Tyre, he returned via Montpellier por l'amor de sa dame Berenguiere ("for the love his lady Berengaria") and abandoned any further effort at a Crusade.

James' bastard sons Pedro Fernández and Fernán Sánchez, who had been given command of part of the fleet, did continue on their way to Acre, where they arrived in December. They found that Baibars, the Mameluke sultan of Egypt, had broken his truce with the Kingdom of Jerusalem and was making a demonstration of his military power in front of Acre. During the demonstration, Egyptian troops hidden in the bushes ambushed a returning Frankish force which had been in Galilee. James' sons, initially eager for a fight, changed their minds after this spectacle and returned home via Sicily, where Fernán Sánchez was knighted by Charles of Anjou.

Patronage of art, learning, and literature

James built and consecrated the Cathedral of Lleida, which was constructed in a style transitional between Romanesque and Gothic with little influence from Moorish styles.

James was a patron of the University of Montpellier, which owed much of its development to his impetus. He also founded a studium at Valencia in 1245 and received privileges for it from Pope Innocent IV, but it did not develop as splendidly. In 1263, James presided over a debate in Barcelona between the Jewish rabbi Nahmanides and Pablo Christiani, a prominent converso.

James was the first great sponsor and patron of vernacular Catalan literature. Indeed, he may himself be called "the first of the Catalan prose writers." James wrote or dictated at various stages a chronicle of his own life, Llibre dels fets in Catalan, which is the first self-chronicle of a Christian king. As well as a fine example of autobiography the "Book of Deeds" expresses concepts of the power and purpose of monarchy; examples of loyalty and treachery in the feudal order; and medieval military tactics. More controversially, some historians have looked at these writings as a source of Catalan identity, separate from that of Occitania and Rome.

James also wrote the Libre de la Saviesa or "Book of Wisdom". The book contains proverbs from various authors going back as far as King Solomon and as close to his own time, such as Albert the Great. It even contains maxims from the medieval Arab philosophers and from the Apophthegmata Philosophorum of Honein ben Ishak, which was probably translated at Barcelona during his reign. A Hebrew translator by the name of Jehuda was employed at James's court during this period.

Though James was himself a prose writer and sponsored mostly prose works, he had an appreciation of verse. In consequence of the Albigensian Crusade, many troubadours were forced to flee southern France and many found refuge in Aragon. Notwithstanding his early patronage of poetry, by the influence of his confessor Ramon de Penyafort, James brought the Inquisition into his realm in 1233 to prevent any vernacular translation of the Bible.
Succession

The favour James showed his illegitimate offspring led to protest from the nobles, and to conflicts between his sons legitimate and illegitimate. When one of the latter, Fernán Sánchez, who had behaved with gross ingratitude and treason to his father, was slain by the legitimate son Peter, the old king recorded his grim satisfaction.

In his Will James divided his states between his sons by Yolanda of Hungary: the aforementioned Peter received the Hispanic possessions on the mainland and James, the Kingdom of Majorca (including the Balearic Islands and the counties of Roussillon and Cerdanya) and the Lordship of Montpellier. The division inevitably produced fratricidal conflicts. Always the home de fembres (“lady’s man”), he eloped with the wife of one of his vassals in his final years and was excommunicated for his efforts by Pope Gregory X. In 1276, the king fell very ill at Alzira and resigned his crown, intending to retire to the monastery of Poblet, but he died at Valencia on 27 July.
Marriages and children
Aragonese and Valencian Royalty
House of Barcelona
Aragon Arms.svg

Alfonso II
Children include
Peter (future Peter II of Aragon)
Alfonso II, Count of Provence
Peter II
Children include
James (future James I of Aragon, Valencia and Majorca)
James I
Peter (future Peter III of Aragon and I of Valencia and Sicily)
James II of Majorca
Violant, Queen of Castile
Constance, Infanta of Castile
Isabella, Queen of France
Peter III (I of Valencia and Sicily)
Children include
Alfonso (future Alfonso III of Aragon and I of Valencia)
James (future James I of Sicily and II of Aragon and Valencia)
Frederick II of Sicily
Elizabeth, Queen of Portugal
Yolanda, Duchess of Calabria
Alfonso III (I of Valencia)
James II (I of Sicily)
Children include
Alfonso (future Alfonso IV of Aragon and II of Valencia)
Alfonso IV (II of Valencia)
Children include
Peter (future Peter IV of Aragon and II of Valencia)
Peter IV (II of Valencia)
Children include
Constance, Queen of Sicily
John (future John I of Aragon and Valencia)
Martin (future Martin II of Sicily and I of Aragon and Valencia)
Eleanor, Queen of Castile
Isabella, Countess of Urgel
Grandchildren include
Ferdinand (future Ferdinand I of Aragon, Valencia and Sicily)
Isabella, Countess of Urgel and Coimbra
John I
Yolande, Queen of France
Martin I (II of Sicily)

James first married, in 1221, Eleanor, daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Leonora of England. Though he later had the marriage annulled, his one son by her was declared legitimate:

1. Alfonso (1229–1260), married Constance of Montcada, Countess of Bigorre

In 1235, James remarried to Yolanda, daughter of Andrew II of Hungary by his second wife Yolande de Courtenay. She bore him numerous children:

1. Yolanda, also known as Violant, (1236–1301), married Alfonso X of Castile
2. Constance (1239–1269), married Juan Manuel, Lord of Villena, son of Ferdinand III
3. Peter (1240–1285), successor in Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia
4. James (1243–1311), successor in Balearics and Languedoc
5. Ferdinand (1245–1250)
6. Sancha (1246–1251)
7. Isabella (1247–1271), married Philip III of France
8. Mary (1248–1267), nun
9. Sancho, Archbishop of Toledo (1250–1279)
10. Eleanor (born 1251, died young)

James married thirdly Teresa Gil de Vidaure, but only by a private document, and left her when she developed leprosy.

1. James (c.1255–1285), lord of Xèrica
2. Peter (1259–1318), lord of Ayerbe

The children in the third marriage were recognised in his last Will as being in the line of Successon to the Throne, should the senior lines fail.

James also had several lovers, both during and after his marriages, and a few bore him illegitimate sons.

By Blanca d'Antillón:

1. Ferran Sanchis (or Fernando Sánchez; 1240–1275), baron of Castro

By Berenguela Fernández:

1. Pedro Fernández, baron of Híjar

By Elvira Sarroca:

1. Jaume Sarroca (born 1248), Archbishop of Huesca
--------------------
James I the Conqueror (Catalan: Jaume el Conqueridor, Aragonese: Chaime lo Conqueridor, Spanish: Jaime el Conquistador, Occitan: Jacme lo Conquistaire; 2 February 1208 – 27 July 1276) was the King of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, and Lord of Montpellier from 1213 to 1276. His long reign saw the expansion of the Crown of Aragon on all sides: into Valencia to the south, Languedoc to the north, and the Balearic Islands to the east. By a treaty with Louis IX of France, he wrested the county of Barcelona from nominal French suzerainty and integrated it into his crown. His part in the Reconquista was similar in Mediterranean Spain to that of his contemporary Ferdinand III of Castile in Andalusia.
James first married, in 1221, Eleanor, daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Leonora of England. Though he later had the marriage annulled, his one son by her was declared legitimate:

Alfonso (1229–1260), married Constance of Montcada, Countess of Bigorre
In 1235, James remarried to Yolanda, daughter of Andrew II of Hungary by his second wife Yolande de Courtenay. She bore him numerous children:

Yolanda, also known as Violant, (1236–1301), married Alfonso X of Castile
Constance (1239–1269), married Juan Manuel, Lord of Villena, son of Ferdinand III
Peter (1240–1285), successor in Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia
James (1243–1311), successor in Balearics and Languedoc
Ferdinand (1245–1250)
Sancha (1246–1251)
Isabella (1247–1271), married Philip III of France
Mary (1248–1267), nun
Sancho, Archbishop of Toledo (1250–1279)
Eleanor (born 1251, died young)
James married thirdly Teresa Gil de Vidaure, but only by a private document, and left her when she developed leprosy.

James (c.1255–1285), lord of Xèrica
Peter (1259–1318), lord of Ayerbe
The children in the third marriage were recognised in his last Will as being in the line of Successon to the Throne, should the senior lines fale.

James also had several lovers, both during and after his marriages, and a few bore him illegitimate sons.

By Blanca d'Antillón:

Ferran Sanchis (or Fernando Sánchez; 1240–1275), baron of Castro
By Berenguela Fernández:

Pedro Fernández, baron of Híjar
By Elvira Sarroca:

Jaume Sarroca (born 1248), Archbishop of Huesca
--------------------
James I the Conqueror[1] (2 February 1208 – 27 July 1276) was the King of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, and Lord of Montpellier from 1213 to 1276. His long reign saw the expansion of the Crown of Aragon to the south and into and across the Mediterranean as far as Naples: into Valencia to the south and the Balearic Islands, Sicily and the Kingdom of Naples to the east [the Aragonese Crown had been forced to renounce its claims to territories north of the Pyrenees, except for James's patrimony of Montpellier, by the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215]. By a treaty with Louis IX of France, he wrested the county of Barcelona from nominal French suzerainty and integrated it into his crown. His part in the Reconquista was similar in Mediterranean Spain to that of his contemporary Ferdinand III of Castile in Andalusia.

As a legislator and organiser, he occupies a high place among the Spanish kings. James compiled the Llibre del Consulat de Mar,[2] which governed maritime trade and helped establish Aragonese supremacy in the western Mediterranean. He was an important figure in the development of Catalan, sponsoring Catalan literature and writing a quasi-autobiographical chronicle of his reign: the Llibre dels feyts, and made Catalan the official language on his domains.[2]

Contents [hide]
1 Early life and reign until majority
2 Acquisition of Urgell
3 Relations with France and Navarre
4 Reconquista
5 Crusade of 1269
6 Patronage of art, learning, and literature
7 Succession
8 Marriages and children
9 Notes
10 Bibliography
11 Further reading
12 External links

[edit] Early life and reign until majority

Barcelonan coin bearing James's effigyJames was born at Montpellier as the only son of Peter II and Mary, heiress of William VIII of Montpellier and Eudokia Komnene. As a child, James was a pawn in the power politics of Provence, where his father was engaged in struggles helping the Cathar heretics of Albi against the Albigensian Crusaders led by Simon IV de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, who were trying to exterminate them. Peter endeavoured to placate the northern crusaders by arranging a marriage between his son James and Simon's daughter. He entrusted the boy to be educated in Montfort's care in 1211, but was soon forced to take up arms against him, dying at the Battle of Muret on 12 September 1213. Montfort would willingly have used James as a means of extending his own power had not the Aragonese and Catalans appealed to Pope Innocent III, who insisted that Montfort surrender him. James was handed over, at Carcassonne, in May or June 1214, to the papal legate Peter of Benevento.

James was then sent to Monzón, where he was entrusted to the care of William of Montredon, the head of the Knights Templar in Spain and Provence; the regency meanwhile fell to his great uncle Sancho, Count of Roussillon, and his son, the king's cousin, Nuño. The kingdom was given over to confusion until, in 1217, the Templars and some of the more loyal nobles brought the young king to Zaragoza.[3]

In 1221, he was married to Eleanor, daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Leonora of England. The next six years of his reign were full of rebellions on the part of the nobles. By the Peace of Alcalá of 31 March 1227, the nobles and the king came to terms.[3]

Page from a 1343 copy of the Libre dels feyts by Celestí Destorrents
[edit] Acquisition of Urgell
In 1228, James faced the sternest opposition from a vassal yet. Guerau IV de Cabrera had occupied the County of Urgell in opposition to Aurembiax, the heiress of Ermengol VIII, who had died without sons in 1208. While Aurembiax' mother, Elvira, had made herself a protegée of James's father, on her death (1220), Guerao had occupied the county and displaced Aurembiax, claiming that a woman could not inherit.

James intervened on behalf of Aurembiax, whom he owed protection. He bought Guerau off and allowed Aurembiax to reclaim her territory, which she did at Lleida, probably also becoming one of James's earliest mistresses.[4] She surrendered Lleida to James and agreed to hold Urgell in fief from him. On her death in 1231, James exchanged the Balearic Islands for Urgell with her widower, Peter of Portugal.

[edit] Relations with France and Navarre
From 1230 to 1232, James negotiated with Sancho VII of Navarre, who desired his help against his nephew and closest living male relative, Theobald IV of Champagne. James and Sancho negotiated a treaty whereby James would inherit Navarre on the old Sancho's death, but when this did occur, the Navarrese nobless instead elevated Theobald to the throne (1234), and James disputed it. Pope Gregory IX was required to intervene.[5] In the end, James accepted Theobald's succession.

James endeavoured to form a state straddling the Pyrenees, to counterbalance the power of France north of the Loire. As with the much earlier Visigothic attempt, this policy was victim to physical, cultural, and political obstacles. As in the case of Navarre, he was too wise to launch into perilous adventures. By the Treaty of Corbeil, signed in May 1258, he frankly withdrew from conflict with Louis IX of France and was content with the recognition of his position, and the surrender of antiquated and illusory French claims to the overlordship of Catalonia.

[edit] Reconquista

Map of the conquest of Majorca, 1229After his false start at uniting Aragon with the Kingdom of Navarre through a scheme of mutual adoption, James turned to the south and the Mediterranean Sea, where he conquered Majorca on 10 September in 1229 and the rest of the Balearic Islands; Minorca 1232; Ibiza 1235) and where Valencia capitulated 28 September 1238.

During his remaining two decades after Corbeil, James warred with the Moors in Murcia, on behalf of his son-in-law Alfonso X of Castile. On 26 March 1244, the two monarchs signed the Treaty of Almizra to determine the zones of their expansion into Andalusia so as to prevent squabbling between them. Specifically, it defined the borders of the newly-created Kingdom of Valencia. James signed it on that date, but Alfonso did not affirm it until much later. According to the treaty, all lands south of a line from Biar to Villajoyosa through Busot were reserved for Castile.

[edit] Crusade of 1269

Valencian coin with the inscription Iacobus rex Valencie (James, king of Valencia)The "khan of Tartary" (actually the Ilkhan) Abaqa corresponded with James in early 1267, inviting him to join forces with the Mongols and go on Crusade.[6] James sent an ambassador to Abaqa in the person of Jayme Alaric de Perpignan, who returned with a Mongol embassy in 1269.[7] Pope Clement IV tried to dissuade James from Crusading, regarding his moral character as sub-par, and Alfonso X did the same. Nonetheless, James, who was then campaigning in Murcia, made peace with Mohammed I ibn Nasr, the Sultan of Granada, and set about collecting funds for a Crusade. After organising the government for his absence and assembling a fleet at Barcelona in September 1269, he was ready to sail east. The troubadour Olivier lo Templier composed a song praising the voyage and hoping for its success. A storm, however, drove him off course and he landed at Aigues-Mortes. According to the continuator of William of Tyre, he returned via Montpellier por l'amor de sa dame Berenguiere ("for the love his lady Berengaria") and abandoned any further effort at a Crusade. I

James's bastard sons Pedro Fernández and Fernán Sánchez, who had been given command of part of the fleet, did continue on their way to Acre, where they arrived in December. They found that Baibars, the Mameluke sultan of Egypt, had broken his truce with the Kingdom of Jerusalem and was making a demonstration of his military power in front of Acre. During the demonstration, Egyptian troops hidden in the bushes ambushed a returning Frankish force which had been in Galilee. James's sons, initially eager for a fight, changed their minds after this spectacle and returned home via Sicily, where Fernán Sánchez was knighted by Charles of Anjou.

[edit] Patronage of art, learning, and literature
Aragonese and Valencian Royalty
House of Barcelona

Alfonso II
Children include
Peter (future Peter II of Aragon)
Alfonso II, Count of Provence
Peter II
Children include
James (future James I of Aragon, Valencia and Majorca)
James I
Peter (future Peter III of Aragon and I of Valencia and Sicily)
James II of Majorca
Violant, Queen of Castile
Constance, Infanta of Castile
Isabella, Queen of France
Peter III (I of Valencia and Sicily)
Children include
Alfonso (future Alfonso III of Aragon and I of Valencia)
James (future James I of Sicily and II of Aragon and Valencia)
Frederick II of Sicily
Elizabeth, Queen of Portugal
Yolanda, Duchess of Calabria
Alfonso III (I of Valencia)
James II (I of Sicily)
Children include
Alfonso (future Alfonso IV of Aragon and II of Valencia)
Alfonso IV (II of Valencia)
Children include
Peter (future Peter IV of Aragon and II of Valencia)
Peter IV (II of Valencia)
Children include
John (future John I of Aragon and Valencia)
Martin (future Martin II of Sicily and I of Aragon and Valencia)
Eleanor, Queen of Castile
Grandchildren include
Ferdinand (future Ferdinand I of Aragon, Valencia and Sicily)
John I
Yolande, Queen of France
Martin I (II of Sicily)

James built and consecrated the Cathedral of Lleida, which was constructed in a style transitional between Romanesque and Gothic with little influence from Moorish styles.[2]

First page of the Libre dels feyts, from a MS of 1325James was a patron of the University of Montpellier, which owed much of its development to his impetus.[8] He also founded a studium at Valencia in 1245 and received privileges for it from Pope Innocent IV, but it did not develop as splendidly.[2] In 1263, James presided over a debate in Barcelona between the Jewish rabbi Nahmanides and Pablo Christiani, a prominent converso.

James was the first great sponsor and patron of vernacular Catalan literature. Indeed, he may himself be called "the first of the Catalan prose writers."[9] James wrote or dictated at various stages a chronicle of his own life, Llibre dels fets in Catalan, which is the first self-chronicle of a Christian king. As well as a fine example of autobiography the "Book of Deeds" expresses concepts of the power and purpose of monarchy; examples of loyalty and treachery in the feudal order; and medieval military tactics. More controversially, some historians have looked at these writings as a source of Catalan identity, separate from that of Occitania and Rome.

James also wrote the Libre de la Saviesa or "Book of Wisdom." The book contains proverbs from various authors going back as far as King Solomon and as close to his own time, such as Albert the Great. It even contains maxims from the medieval Arab philosophers and from the Apophthegmata Philosophorum of Honein ben Ishak, which was probably translated at Barcelona during his reign. A Hebrew translator by the name of Jehuda was employed at James's court during this period.[9]

Though James was himself a prose writer and sponsored mostly prose works, he had an appreciation of verse.[10] In consequence of the Albigensian Crusade, many troubadours were forced to flee southern France and many found refuge in Aragon. Notwithstanding his early patronage of poetry, by the influence of his confessor Ramon de Penyafort, James brought the Inquisition into his realm in 1233 to prevent any vernacular translation of the Bible.[11]

[edit] Succession

James's sepulchre in the Cathedral of Tarragona
Mummified head of James, exhumed in 1856The favour James showed his illegitimate offspring led to protest from the nobles, and to conflicts between his sons legitimate and illegitimate. When one of the latter, Fernán Sánchez, who had behaved with gross ingratitude and treason to his father, was slain by the legitimate son Peter, the old king recorded his grim satisfaction.

In his will, James divided his states between his sons by Yolanda of Hungary: the aforementioned Peter received the Hispanic possessions on the mainland and James, the Kingdom of Majorca (including the Balearic Islands and the counties of Roussillon and Cerdanya) and the Lordship of Montpellier. The division inevitably produced fratricidal conflicts. In 1276, the king fell very ill at Alzira and resigned his crown, intending to retire to the monastery of Poblet, but he died at Valencia on 27 July.

[edit] Marriages and children
James first married, in 1221, Eleanor, daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Leonora of England. Though he later had the marriage annulled, his one son by her was declared legitimate:

Alfonso (1229–1260), married Constance of Montcada, Countess of Bigorre
In 1235, James remarried to Yolanda, daughter of Andrew II of Hungary by his second wife Yolande de Courtenay. She bore him numerous children:

Yolanda, also known as Violant, (1236–1301), married Alfonso X of Castile
Constance (1239–1269), married Juan Manuel, Lord of Villena, son of Ferdinand III
Peter (1240–1285), successor in Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia
James (1243–1311), successor in Balearics and Languedoc
Ferdinand (1245–1250)
Sancha (1246–1251)
Isabella (1247–1271), married Philip III of France
Mary (1248–1267), nun
Sancho, Archbishop of Toledo (1250–1279)
Eleanor (born 1251, died young)
James married thirdly Teresa Gil de Vidaure, but only by a private document, and left her when she developed leprosy.

James (c.1255–1285), lord of Xèrica
Peter (1259–1318), lord of Ayerbe
The children in the third marriage were recognised in his last Will as being in the line of Successon to the Throne, should the senior lines fail.

James also had several lovers, both during and after his marriages, and a few bore him illegitimate sons.

By Blanca d'Antillón:

Ferran Sanchis (or Fernando Sánchez; 1240–1275), baron of Castro
By Berenguela Fernández:

Pedro Fernández, baron of Híjar
By Elvira Sarroca:

Jaume Sarroca (born 1248), Archbishop of Huesca

[edit] Notes
^ Catalan: Jaume el Conqueridor, Aragonese: Chaime lo Conqueridor, Spanish: Jaime el Conquistador, Occitan: Jacme lo Conquistaire.
^ a b c d Chaytor, pag. 96
^ a b Chaytor, pag. 82
^ Chaytor, pag. 83.
^ Chaytor, pag. 86
^ Chaytor, 90.
^ Runciman, History of the Crusades, pp. 330-332
^ Chaytor, pag 96.
^ a b Chaytor, pag. 93
^ Chaytor, pag. 94
^ Chaytor, pag 94

[edit] Bibliography
Chaytor, H. J. A History of Aragon and Catalonia. London: Methuen, 1933.

[edit] Further reading
The book of deeds of James I of Aragon. A translation of the medieval Catalan Libre dels fets. Trans. Damian Smith and Helen Buffery (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003) (Crusade Texts in Translation, 10.) Pp. xvii + 405 incl. 5 maps.

[edit] External links
The Chronicle Of James I Of Aragon, full online book
James I of Aragon, based on 1911's Enycyclopaedia Britannica
Medieval Sourcebook, e-text of James's grant of trade privileges to Barcelona, 1232, freeing the city from tolls and imposts with his realms
The Worlds of Alfonso the Learned and James the Conqueror, Robert I. Burns, S.J., ed.
The Crusader Kingdom of Valencia, Robert Ignatius Burns, S.J.
James I, at Find-A-Grave
The Barcelona Maritime Code of 1258, written by James I
The life and times of James the first, book by Francis Darwin Swift
Preceded by
Peter II King of Aragon
1213-1276 Succeeded by
Peter III
Count of Barcelona
1213-1276
Preceded by
New Creation King of Valencia
1238—1276
King of Majorca
1231-1276 Succeeded by
James II
Preceded by
Marie Lord of Montpellier
1219-1276

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_Aragon"

--------------------
James I the Conqueror (2 February 1208 – 27 July 1276) was the King of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, and Lord of Montpellier from 1213 to 1276. His long reign saw the expansion of the Crown of Aragon to the south and into and across the Mediterranean as far as Naples: into Valencia to the south and the Balearic Islands, Sicily and the Kingdom of Naples to the east [the Aragonese Crown had been forced to renounce its claims to territories north of the Pyrenees, except for James's patrimony of Montpellier, by the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215]. By a treaty with Louis IX of France, he wrested the county of Barcelona from nominal French suzerainty and integrated it into his crown. His part in the Reconquista was similar in Mediterranean Spain to that of his contemporary Ferdinand III of Castile in Andalusia.

As a legislator and organiser, he occupies a high place among the Spanish kings. James compiled the Llibre del Consulat de Mar,] which governed maritime trade and helped establish Aragonese supremacy in the western Mediterranean. He was an important figure in the development of Catalan, sponsoring Catalan literature and writing a quasi-autobiographical chronicle of his reign: the Llibre dels feyts, and made Catalan the official language on his domains.

James was born at Montpellier as the only son of Peter II and Mary, heiress of William VIII of Montpellier and Eudokia Komnene. As a child, James was a pawn in the power politics of Provence, where his father was engaged in struggles helping the Cathar heretics of Albi against the Albigensian Crusaders led by Simon IV de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, who were trying to exterminate them. Peter endeavoured to placate the northern crusaders by arranging a marriage between his son James and Simon's daughter. He entrusted the boy to be educated in Montfort's care in 1211, but was soon forced to take up arms against him, dying at the Battle of Muret on 12 September 1213. Montfort would willingly have used James as a means of extending his own power had not the Aragonese and Catalans appealed to Pope Innocent III, who insisted that Montfort surrender him. James was handed over, at Carcassonne, in May or June 1214, to the papal legate Peter of Benevento.

James was then sent to Monzón, where he was entrusted to the care of William of Montredon, the head of the Knights Templar in Spain and Provence; the regency meanwhile fell to his great uncle Sancho, Count of Roussillon, and his son, the king's cousin, Nuño. The kingdom was given over to confusion until, in 1217, the Templars and some of the more loyal nobles brought the young king to Zaragoza.

In 1221, he was married to Eleanor, daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Leonora of England. The next six years of his reign were full of rebellions on the part of the nobles. By the Peace of Alcalá of 31 March 1227, the nobles and the king came to terms.

Acquisition of Urgell
In 1228, James faced the sternest opposition from a vassal yet. Guerau IV de Cabrera had occupied the County of Urgell in opposition to Aurembiax, the heiress of Ermengol VIII, who had died without sons in 1208. While Aurembiax' mother, Elvira, had made herself a protegée of James's father, on her death (1220), Guerao had occupied the county and displaced Aurembiax, claiming that a woman could not inherit.

James intervened on behalf of Aurembiax, whom he owed protection. He bought Guerau off and allowed Aurembiax to reclaim her territory, which she did at Lleida, probably also becoming one of James's earliest mistresses. She surrendered Lleida to James and agreed to hold Urgell in fief from him. On her death in 1231, James exchanged the Balearic Islands for Urgell with her widower, Peter of Portugal.

Relations with France and Navarre
From 1230 to 1232, James negotiated with Sancho VII of Navarre, who desired his help against his nephew and closest living male relative, Theobald IV of Champagne. James and Sancho negotiated a treaty whereby James would inherit Navarre on the old Sancho's death, but when this did occur, the Navarrese nobless instead elevated Theobald to the throne (1234), and James disputed it. Pope Gregory IX was required to intervene. In the end, James accepted Theobald's succession.

James endeavoured to form a state straddling the Pyrenees, to counterbalance the power of France north of the Loire. As with the much earlier Visigothic attempt, this policy was victim to physical, cultural, and political obstacles. As in the case of Navarre, he was too wise to launch into perilous adventures. By the Treaty of Corbeil, signed in May 1258, he frankly withdrew from conflict with Louis IX of France and was content with the recognition of his position, and the surrender of antiquated and illusory French claims to the overlordship of Catalonia.

Marriages and children
James first married, in 1221, Eleanor, daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Leonora of England. Though he later had the marriage annulled, his one son by her was declared legitimate:

Alfonso (1229–1260), married Constance of Montcada, Countess of Bigorre
In 1235, James remarried to Yolanda, daughter of Andrew II of Hungary by his second wife Yolande de Courtenay. She bore him numerous children:

Yolanda, also known as Violant, (1236–1301), married Alfonso X of Castile
Constance (1239–1269), married Juan Manuel, Lord of Villena, son of Ferdinand III
Peter (1240–1285), successor in Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia
James (1243–1311), successor in Balearics and Languedoc
Ferdinand (1245–1250)
Sancha (1246–1251)
Isabella (1247–1271), married Philip III of France
Mary (1248–1267), nun
Sancho, Archbishop of Toledo (1250–1279)
Eleanor (born 1251, died young)
James married thirdly Teresa Gil de Vidaure, but only by a private document, and left her when she developed leprosy.

James (c.1255–1285), lord of Xèrica
Peter (1259–1318), lord of Ayerbe
The children in the third marriage were recognised in his last Will as being in the line of Successon to the Throne, should the senior lines fail.

James also had several lovers, both during and after his marriages, and a few bore him illegitimate sons.

By Blanca d'Antillón:

Ferran Sanchis (or Fernando Sánchez; 1240–1275), baron of Castro
By Berenguela Fernández:

Pedro Fernández, baron of Híjar
By Elvira Sarroca:

Jaume Sarroca (born 1248), Archbishop of Huesca

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Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_Aragon
James I of Aragon
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James I of Aragon.

James I the Conqueror (Catalan: Jaume el Conqueridor, Aragonese: Chaime lo Conqueridor, Spanish: Jaime el Conquistador, Occitan: Jacme lo Conquistaire; 2 February 1208 – 27 July 1276) was the King of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, and Lord of Montpellier from 1213 to 1276. His long reign saw the expansion of the Crown of Aragon on all sides: into Valencia to the south, Languedoc to the north, and the Balearic Islands to the east. By a treaty with Louis IX of France, he wrested the county of Barcelona from nominal French suzerainty and integrated it into his crown. His part in the Reconquista was similar in Mediterranean Spain to that of his contemporary Ferdinand III of Castile in Andalusia.

As a legislator and organiser, he occupies a significant place among the Spanish kings. James compiled the Libre del Consulat de Mar,[1] which governed maritime trade and helped establish Aragonese supremacy in the western Mediterranean. He was an important figure in the development of Catalan, sponsoring Catalan literature and writing a quasi-autobiographical chronicle of his reign: the Llibre dels fets.
Contents
[show]

* 1 Early life and reign until majority
* 2 Acquisition of Urgell
* 3 Relations with France and Navarre
* 4 Reconquest
* 5 Crusade of 1269
* 6 Patronage of art, learning, and literature
* 7 Succession
* 8 Marriages and children
* 9 Ancestry
* 10 Notes
* 11 References
* 12 External links

[edit] Early life and reign until majority

James was born at Montpellier as the only son of Peter II and Mary, heiress of William VIII of Montpellier and Eudokia Komnene. As a child, James was a pawn in the power politics of Provence, where his father was engaged in struggles helping the Cathar heretics of Albi against the Albigensian Crusaders led by Simon IV de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, who were trying to exterminate them. Peter endeavoured to placate the northern crusaders by arranging a marriage between his son James and Simon's daughter. He entrusted the boy to be educated in Montfort's care in 1211, but was soon forced to take up arms against him, dying at the Battle of Muret on 12 September 1213. Montfort would willingly have used James as a means of extending his own power had not the Aragonese and Catalans appealed to Pope Innocent III, who insisted that Montfort surrender him. James was handed over, at Carcassonne, in May or June 1214, to the papal legate Peter of Benevento.

James was then sent to Monzón, where he was entrusted to the care of William of Montredon, the head of the Knights Templar in Spain and Provence; the regency meanwhile fell to his great uncle Sancho, Count of Roussillon, and his son, the king's cousin, Nuño. The kingdom was given over to confusion until, in 1217, the Templars and some of the more loyal nobles brought the young king to Zaragoza.[2]

In 1221, he was married to Eleanor, daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Leonora of England. The next six years of his reign were full of rebellions on the part of the nobles. By the Peace of Alcalá of 31 March 1227, the nobles and the king came to terms.[3]
[edit] Acquisition of Urgell

In 1228, James faced the sternest opposition from a vassal yet. Guerau IV de Cabrera had occupied the County of Urgell in opposition to Aurembiax, the heiress of Ermengol VIII, who had died without sons in 1208. While Aurembiax's mother, Elvira, had made herself a protegée of James's father, on her death (1220), Guerao had occupied the county and displaced Aurembiax, claiming that a woman could not inherit.

James intervened on behalf of Aurembiax, whom he owed protection. He bought Guerau off and allowed Aurembiax to reclaim her territory, which she did at Lleida, probably also becoming one of James' earliest mistresses.[4] She surrendered Lleida to James and agreed to hold Urgell in fief from him. On her death in 1231, James exchanged the Balearic Islands for Urgell with her widower, Peter of Portugal.
[edit] Relations with France and Navarre

From 1230 to 1232, James negotiated with Sancho VII of Navarre, who desired his help against his nephew and closest living male relative, Theobald IV of Champagne. James and Sancho negotiated a treaty whereby James would inherit Navarre on the old Sancho's death, but when this did occur, the Navarrese nobless instead elevated Theobald to the throne (1234), and James disputed it. Pope Gregory IX was required to intervene.[5] In the end, James accepted Theobald's succession.

James endeavoured to form a state straddling the Pyrenees, to counterbalance the power of France north of the Loire. As with the much earlier Visigothic attempt, this policy was victim to physical, cultural, and political obstacles. As in the case of Navarre, he was too wise to launch into perilous adventures. By the Treaty of Corbeil, signed in May 1258, he frankly withdrew from conflict with Louis IX of France and was content with the recognition of his position, and the surrender of antiquated and illusory French claims to the overlordship of Catalonia.
[edit] Reconquest

After his false start at uniting Aragon with the Kingdom of Navarre through a scheme of mutual adoption, James turned to the south and the Mediterranean Sea, where he conquered Majorca on 10 September in 1229 and the rest of the Balearic Islands; Minorca 1232; Ibiza 1235) and where Valencia capitulated 28 September 1238. Chroniclers say he used gunpowder in the siege of Museros castle.

During his remaining two decades after Corbeil, James warred with the Moors in Murcia, on behalf of his son-in-law Alfonso X of Castile. On 26 March 1244, the two monarchs signed the Treaty of Almizra to determine the zones of their expansion into Andalusia so as to prevent squabbling between them. Specifically, it defined the borders of the newly-created Kingdom of Valencia. James signed it on that date, but Alfonso did not affirm it until much later. According to the treaty, all lands south of a line from Biar to Villajoyosa through Busot were reserved for Castile.
[edit] Crusade of 1269

The "khan of Tartary" (actually the Ilkhan) Abaqa corresponded with James in early 1267, inviting him to join forces with the Mongols and go on Crusade.[6] James sent an ambassador to Abaqa in the person of Jayme Alaric de Perpignan, who returned with a Mongol embassy in 1269.[7] Pope Clement IV tried to dissuade James from Crusading, regarding his moral character as sub-par, and Alfonso X did the same. Nonetheless, James, who was then campaigning in Murcia, made peace with Mohammed I ibn Nasr, the Sultan of Granada, and set about collecting funds for a Crusade. After organising the government for his absence and assembling a fleet at Barcelona in September 1269, he was ready to sail east. The troubadour Olivier lo Templier composed a song praising the voyage and hoping for its success. A storm, however, drove him off course and he landed at Aigues-Mortes. According to the continuator of William of Tyre, he returned via Montpellier por l'amor de sa dame Berenguiere ("for the love his lady Berengaria") and abandoned any further effort at a Crusade.

James' bastard sons Pedro Fernández and Fernán Sánchez, who had been given command of part of the fleet, did continue on their way to Acre, where they arrived in December. They found that Baibars, the Mameluke sultan of Egypt, had broken his truce with the Kingdom of Jerusalem and was making a demonstration of his military power in front of Acre. During the demonstration, Egyptian troops hidden in the bushes ambushed a returning Frankish force which had been in Galilee. James' sons, initially eager for a fight, changed their minds after this spectacle and returned home via Sicily, where Fernán Sánchez was knighted by Charles of Anjou.
Statue of James I at the Sabatini Gardens in Madrid (J. León, 1753).
[edit] Patronage of art, learning, and literature

James built and consecrated the Cathedral of Lleida, which was constructed in a style transitional between Romanesque and Gothic with little influence from Moorish styles.[8]

James was a patron of the University of Montpellier, which owed much of its development to his impetus.[9] He also founded a studium at Valencia in 1245 and received privileges for it from Pope Innocent IV, but it did not develop as splendidly.[10] In 1263, James presided over a debate in Barcelona between the Jewish rabbi Nahmanides and Pablo Christiani, a prominent converso.

James was the first great sponsor and patron of vernacular Catalan literature. Indeed, he may himself be called "the first of the Catalan prose writers."[11] James wrote or dictated at various stages a chronicle of his own life, Llibre dels fets in Catalan, which is the first self-chronicle of a Christian king. As well as a fine example of autobiography the "Book of Deeds" expresses concepts of the power and purpose of monarchy; examples of loyalty and treachery in the feudal order; and medieval military tactics. More controversially, some historians have looked at these writings as a source of Catalan identity, separate from that of Occitania and Rome.

James also wrote the Libre de la Saviesa or "Book of Wisdom". The book contains proverbs from various authors going back as far as King Solomon and as close to his own time, such as Albert the Great. It even contains maxims from the medieval Arab philosophers and from the Apophthegmata Philosophorum of Honein ben Ishak, which was probably translated at Barcelona during his reign. A Hebrew translator by the name of Jehuda was employed at James's court during this period.[12]

Though James was himself a prose writer and sponsored mostly prose works, he had an appreciation of verse.[13] In consequence of the Albigensian Crusade, many troubadours were forced to flee southern France and many found refuge in Aragon. Notwithstanding his early patronage of poetry, by the influence of his confessor Ramon de Penyafort, James brought the Inquisition into his realm in 1233 to prevent any vernacular translation of the Bible.[14]
[edit] Succession

The favour James showed his illegitimate offspring led to protest from the nobles, and to conflicts between his sons legitimate and illegitimate. When one of the latter, Fernán Sánchez, who had behaved with gross ingratitude and treason to his father, was slain by the legitimate son Peter, the old king recorded his grim satisfaction.

In his Will James divided his states between his sons by Yolanda of Hungary: the aforementioned Peter received the Hispanic possessions on the mainland and James, the Kingdom of Majorca (including the Balearic Islands and the counties of Roussillon and Cerdanya) and the Lordship of Montpellier. The division inevitably produced fratricidal conflicts. Always the home de fembres (“lady’s man”), he eloped with the wife of one of his vassals in his final years and was excommunicated for his efforts by Pope Gregory X. In 1276, the king fell very ill at Alzira and resigned his crown, intending to retire to the monastery of Poblet, but he died at Valencia on 27 July.
[edit] Marriages and children
Aragonese and Valencian Royalty
House of Barcelona
Aragon Arms.svg

Alfonso II
Children include
Peter (future Peter II of Aragon)
Alfonso II, Count of Provence
Peter II
Children include
James (future James I of Aragon, Valencia and Majorca)
James I
Peter (future Peter III of Aragon and I of Valencia and Sicily)
James II of Majorca
Violant, Queen of Castile
Constance, Infanta of Castile
Isabella, Queen of France
Peter III (I of Valencia and Sicily)
Children include
Alfonso (future Alfonso III of Aragon and I of Valencia)
James (future James I of Sicily and II of Aragon and Valencia)
Frederick II of Sicily
Elizabeth, Queen of Portugal
Yolanda, Duchess of Calabria
Alfonso III (I of Valencia)
James II (I of Sicily)
Children include
Alfonso (future Alfonso IV of Aragon and II of Valencia)
Alfonso IV (II of Valencia)
Children include
Peter (future Peter IV of Aragon and II of Valencia)
Peter IV (II of Valencia)
Children include
Constance, Queen of Sicily
John (future John I of Aragon and Valencia)
Martin (future Martin II of Sicily and I of Aragon and Valencia)
Eleanor, Queen of Castile
Isabella, Countess of Urgel
Grandchildren include
Ferdinand (future Ferdinand I of Aragon, Valencia and Sicily)
Isabella, Countess of Urgel and Coimbra
John I
Yolande, Queen of France
Martin I (II of Sicily)

James first married, in 1221, Eleanor, daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Leonora of England. Though he later had the marriage annulled, his one son by her was declared legitimate:

1. Alfonso (1229–1260), married Constance of Montcada, Countess of Bigorre

In 1235, James remarried to Yolanda, daughter of Andrew II of Hungary by his second wife Yolande de Courtenay. She bore him numerous children:

1. Yolanda, also known as Violant, (1236–1301), married Alfonso X of Castile
2. Constance (1239–1269), married Juan Manuel, Lord of Villena, son of Ferdinand III
3. Peter (1240–1285), successor in Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia
4. James (1243–1311), successor in Balearics and Languedoc
5. Ferdinand (1245–1250)
6. Sancha (1246–1251)
7. Isabella (1247–1271), married Philip III of France
8. Mary (1248–1267), nun
9. Sancho, Archbishop of Toledo (1250–1279)
10. Eleanor (born 1251, died young)

James married thirdly Teresa Gil de Vidaure, but only by a private document, and left her when she developed leprosy.

1. James (c.1255–1285), lord of Xèrica
2. Peter (1259–1318), lord of Ayerbe

The children in the third marriage were recognised in his last Will as being in the line of Successon to the Throne, should the senior lines fail.

James also had several lovers, both during and after his marriages, and a few bore him illegitimate sons.

By Blanca d'Antillón:

1. Ferran Sanchis (or Fernando Sánchez; 1240–1275), baron of Castro

By Berenguela Fernández:

1. Pedro Fernández, baron of Híjar

By Elvira Sarroca:

1. Jaume Sarroca (born 1248), Archbishop of Huesca

[edit] Ancestry
{{ahnentafel-compact5

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|4= 4. Alfonso II of Aragon |5= 5. Sancha of Castile |6= 6. William VIII of Montpellier |7= 7. Eudokia Komnene

|8= 8. Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona |9= 9. Petronila of Aragon |10= 10. Alfonso VII of León and Castile |11= 11. Richeza of Poland |12= 12. William VII of Montpellier |13= 13. Matilda of Burgundy |14= 14. Isaac Komnenos |15= 15. Irene Synadene

|16= 16. Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona |17= 17. Douce I, Countess of Provence

|18= 18. Ramiro II of Aragon |19= 19. Agnes of Aquitaine

|20= 20. Raymond of Burgundy |21= 21. Urraca of León and Castile

|22= 22. Władysław II the Exile |23= 23. Agnes of Babenberg

|24= 24. William VI of Montpellier |25= 25. Sibylle del Vasto

|26= 26. Hugh II, Duke of Burgundy |27= 27. Template:Felicia-Matilda of Mayenne

|28= 28. John II Komnenos
[edit] Notes

1. ^ Chaytor, 96.
2. ^ Ibid, 82.
3. ^ Ibid.
4. ^ Ibid, 83.
5. ^ Ibid, 86.
6. ^ Chaytor, 90.
7. ^ Runciman, History of the Crusades, pp. 330-332
8. ^ Ibid, 96.
9. ^ Ibid.
10. ^ Ibid.
11. ^ Ibid, 93.
12. ^ Ibid.
13. ^ Ibid, 94.
14. ^ Ibid.

[edit] References

* Chaytor, H. J. A History of Aragon and Catalonia. London: Methuen, 1933.
* The book of deeds of James I of Aragon. A translation of the medieval Catalan Libre dels fets. Trans. Damian Smith and Helen Buffery (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003) (Crusade Texts in Translation, 10.) Pp. xvii + 405 incl. 5 maps.

[edit] External links
Crusades portal

* Full online book The Chronicle Of James I Of Aragon
* [1] James I of Aragon
* Medieval Sourcebook: e-text of James's grant of trade privileges to Barcelona, 1232, freeing the city from tolls and imposts with his realms
* The Worlds of Alfonso the Learned and James the Conqueror - Robert I. Burns, S.J., ed.
* The Crusader Kingdom of Valencia - Robert Ignatius Burns, S.J.
* James I at Find-A-Grave
* The Barcelona Maritime Code of 1258
* The life and times of James the first

Preceded by
Peter II King of Aragon
1213-1276 Succeeded by
Peter III
Count of Barcelona
1213-1276
Preceded by
New Creation King of Valencia
1238—1276
King of Majorca
1231-1276 Succeeded by
James II
Preceded by
Marie Lord of Montpellier
1219-1276
--------------------
James I the Conqueror (Catalan: Jaume el Conqueridor, Aragonese: Chaime lo Conqueridor, Spanish: Jaime el Conquistador, Occitan: Jacme lo Conquistaire; 2 February 1208 – 27 July 1276) was the King of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, and Lord of Montpellier from 1213 to 1276. His long reign saw the expansion of the Crown of Aragon on all sides: into Valencia to the south, Languedoc to the north, and the Balearic Islands to the east. By a treaty with Louis IX of France, he wrested the county of Barcelona from nominal French suzerainty and integrated it into his crown. His part in the Reconquista was similar in Mediterranean Spain to that of his contemporary Ferdinand III of Castile in Andalusia.
James first married, in 1221, Eleanor, daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Leonora of England. Though he later had the marriage annulled, his one son by her was declared legitimate:

Alfonso (1229–1260), married Constance of Montcada, Countess of Bigorre
In 1235, James remarried to Yolanda, daughter of Andrew II of Hungary by his second wife Yolande de Courtenay. She bore him numerous children:

Yolanda, also known as Violant, (1236–1301), married Alfonso X of Castile
Constance (1239–1269), married Juan Manuel, Lord of Villena, son of Ferdinand III
Peter (1240–1285), successor in Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia
James (1243–1311), successor in Balearics and Languedoc
Ferdinand (1245–1250)
Sancha (1246–1251)
Isabella (1247–1271), married Philip III of France
Mary (1248–1267), nun
Sancho, Archbishop of Toledo (1250–1279)
Eleanor (born 1251, died young)
James married thirdly Teresa Gil de Vidaure, but only by a private document, and left her when she developed leprosy.

James (c.1255–1285), lord of Xèrica
Peter (1259–1318), lord of Ayerbe
The children in the third marriage were recognised in his last Will as being in the line of Successon to the Throne, should the senior lines fale.

James also had several lovers, both during and after his marriages, and a few bore him illegitimate sons.

By Blanca d'Antillón:

Ferran Sanchis (or Fernando Sánchez; 1240–1275), baron of Castro
By Berenguela Fernández:

Pedro Fernández, baron of Híjar
By Elvira Sarroca:

Jaume Sarroca (born 1248), Archbishop of Huesca
--------------------
James I the Conqueror, Lord of Montpellier, Crown of Aragon, Legislator, Organiser. James compiled the Libre del Consulat de Mar, which governed maritime trade and helped establish Aragones supermacy in he Western Mediterranean. He developed the Catalan, sponsering Catalan literature and writing a quasi-autobiographical chronicle of his on reign: The Libre dels Fets. He built and consecrated the Cathedral of Lleida. He was a patron of the University of Montpellier. He founded a studium at Valencia and received privileges for it from Pope Innocent IV. He wrote an autobiography of "Bookd of Deeds". he wrote Libre de la Saviesa or Boof of Wisdom. James prevented any vernaculor translation of the Bible in 1233.
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James I the Conqueror[1] (2 February 1208 – 27 July 1276) was the King of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, and Lord of Montpellier from 1213 to 1276. His long reign saw the expansion of the Crown of Aragon to the south and into and across the Mediterranean as far as Naples: into Valencia to the south and the Balearic Islands, Sicily and the Kingdom of Naples to the east [the Aragonese Crown had been forced to renounce its claims to territories north of the Pyrenees, except for James's patrimony of Montpellier, by the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215]. By a treaty with Louis IX of France, he wrested the county of Barcelona from nominal French suzerainty and integrated it into his crown. His part in the Reconquista was similar in Mediterranean Spain to that of his contemporary Ferdinand III of Castile in Andalusia.

As a legislator and organiser, he occupies a high place among the Spanish kings. James compiled the Llibre del Consulat de Mar,[2] which governed maritime trade and helped establish Aragonese supremacy in the western Mediterranean. He was an important figure in the development of Catalan, sponsoring Catalan literature and writing a quasi-autobiographical chronicle of his reign: the Llibre dels feyts, and made Catalan the official language on his domains.[2]

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James owed his name to his mother's strange whim of placing 12 lighted candles, name for the 12 Apostles, around his cradle & determining that the last to burn out should be his patron. He was described as 'tall, muscular, dignified & never knew a day of illness'.
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King of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, and Lord of Montpellier
--------------------
Jaime I, Rey de Aragón was born in 1205.1 He married, firstly, Eleanor de Castilla, daughter of Alfonso VIII, Rey de Castilla and Eleanor Plantagenet, in 1221.2 He and Eleanor de Castilla were divorced in 1229.1 He married, secondly, Yolante Arpád, daughter of Andreas II Arpád, King of Hungary and Yolande de Courtney, on 8 September 1235. He married, thirdly, Theresa Vidaure after 1251.2 He died on 25 July 1276.
Jaime I, Rey de Aragón also went by the nick-name of Jaime 'the Conqueror' (?).3 He was the son of Pedro II, Rey de Aragón and Marie de Montpellier.2 He succeeded to the title of Rey Jaime I de Aragón in 1213.2
Child of Jaime I, Rey de Aragón and Theresa Vidaure

Jaime Fernandez de Aragon, Baron de Jerica+4

Child of Jaime I, Rey de Aragón and Eleanor de Castilla

Alfonso de Aragón, Infante de Aragón2 b. c 1200, d. 1260

Children of Jaime I, Rey de Aragón and Yolante Arpád

Yolante de Aragón+5 d. 1300
Pedro de Ayerve5
Sancho de Aragón5 d. 1275
Constanza de Aragón+6 d. c 1269
Pedro III, Rey de Aragón+5 b. 1236, d. 1285
Isabel de Aragón+5 b. 1243, d. 28 Jan 1271
Jaime I, Rey de Majorca+5 b. 1243, d. 1311

Citations

[S11] Alison Weir, Britain's Royal Family: A Complete Genealogy (London, U.K.: The Bodley Head, 1999), page 62. Hereinafter cited as Britain's Royal Family.
[S16] Jirí Louda and Michael MacLagan, Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe, 2nd edition (London, U.K.: Little, Brown and Company, 1999), table 45. Hereinafter cited as Lines of Succession.
[S38] John Morby, Dynasties of the World: a chronological and genealogical handbook (Oxford, Oxfordshire, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1989), page 116. Hereinafter cited as Dynasties of the World.
[S5028] Cecilia Wilkinson, "re: Wilkinson Family," e-mail message to Darryl Roger LUNDY (101053), 4 December 2010. Hereinafter cited as "re: Wilkinson Family."
[S16] Louda and MacLagan, Lines of Succession, table 46.
[S16] Louda and MacLagan, Lines of Succession, table 47.

ES 11:70;PED OF AUGUSTINE H. AYERS

Jaime_I_de_Arag
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=2d8607b2-cc4c-4613-9cbf-10159d2e0db5&tid=6959821&pid=-1169183144

James de Aragon I 3
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=7b735e1c-8f93-489e-beef-4e5912757597&tid=6959821&pid=-1169183144

James_I
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=5e26da9a-8973-4d04-a378-c7e9bc150cbf&tid=6959821&pid=-1169183144

James I of Aragon
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=document&guid=2be003a3-9f18-43d1-9317-7e6ecfcaa018&tid=6959821&pid=-1169183144

James I of Aragon
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=90018985-a615-4e06-842b-80e7c8bbf37d&tid=6959821&pid=-1169183144

Jaime_I_de_Arag
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=2d8607b2-cc4c-4613-9cbf-10159d2e0db5&tid=6959821&pid=-1169183144

James I of Aragon
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=90018985-a615-4e06-842b-80e7c8bbf37d&tid=6959821&pid=-1169183144

James de Aragon I 3
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=7b735e1c-8f93-489e-beef-4e5912757597&tid=6959821&pid=-1169183144

James I of Aragon
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=document&guid=2be003a3-9f18-43d1-9317-7e6ecfcaa018&tid=6959821&pid=-1169183144

James_I
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=5e26da9a-8973-4d04-a378-c7e9bc150cbf&tid=6959821&pid=-1169183144

Like his grandfather, ascended to the crown at the age of five. It was run by
a regency until he came of age; and his uncle Sanc, Count of Provence,
managed the finances and paid off his father's debts. He later became known
for leading military campaigns that captured Majorca and the other Balearic
islands, as well as Valencia, from the Moors.

Rey de Aragón y Cataluña (1213-1276)

[Master.FTW]

[Master.FTW]

[Vinson.FTW]

[camoys.FTW]

[mpbennett-1-6211.ged]

The "Conqueror." became King on the death of his father on Sep 13,1213 thru
1276. "Jaime." Count of Valencia.
This individual was found on GenCircles at: http://www.gencircles.com/users/mpbennett/1/data/6628[mpbennett-1-6628.ged]

The "Conqueror." became King on the death of his father on Sep 13,1213 thru
1276. "Jaime." Count of Valencia.
This individual was found on GenCircles at: http://www.gencircles.com/users/mpbennett/1/data/6628[mpbennett-1-6629.ged]

The "Conqueror." became King on the death of his father on Sep 13,1213 thru
1276. "Jaime." Count of Valencia.
This individual was found on GenCircles at: http://www.gencircles.com/users/mpbennett/1/data/6628[mpbennett-1-6631.ged]

The "Conqueror." became King on the death of his father on Sep 13,1213 thru
1276. "Jaime." Count of Valencia.
This individual was found on GenCircles at: http://www.gencircles.com/users/mpbennett/1/data/6628[mpbennett-1-7077.ged]

The "Conqueror." became King on the death of his father on Sep 13,1213 thru
1276. "Jaime." Count of Valencia.
This individual was found on GenCircles at: http://www.gencircles.com/users/mpbennett/1/data/6628

King of Aragon. Won the Islands of Majorca Baleares, Menorca, Ibiza, Formentera and Cabrera from the Moors.
ES.28079.AHN/1.3.1.2.3.281//CLERO-SECULAR_REGULAR,CAR.796,NUM.18
Confirmacion de Pedro IV de varios privilegios anteriores. Pedro IV confirma al monasterio a peticion de su abadesa Brunesinda un privilegio concedido por Jaime I (1255-06-06 / Jaca) y ratificado por Jaime II (1292-07-28 / Barcelona) en el que les exime del pago del impuesto de la cena.
Research Copyright 2008 John J. Browne Ayes

Jaime I "el Conquistador" Kg av Aragonien

Chaime aragonés, Jacme catalan ancian e occitan, Jaume catalan modèrne

?? Line 3243: (New PAF RIN=9641)
1 NAME James I King Of /ARAGON/
?? Line 3243: (New PAF RIN=9981)
1 NAME James I King Of /ARAGON/
?? Line 2293: (New PAF RIN=10385)
1 NAME James I King Of /ARAGON/

KING OF ARAGON

KING OF ARAGON 1213-1276

OR "JAMES"; KING OF ARAGON

First marriage was annulled.

JAMES I DE ARAGON (1207 - 1276)
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=document&guid=5f79876a-2af0-4a89-924e-ab7714fb8fec&tid=10145763&pid=-184779203

He ruled from 1213 to 1276. He conquered Valencia, Murcia and the Balearic Islands. He established a navy to protect his possessions.

436px-Aragon_Arms-crown
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=bd6df285-2596-4a9c-9626-c7f15e11d6f2&tid=9784512&pid=-641671085

ROYAL ARMS OF SPAIN
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=60bf63d3-f67e-416b-ad91-2793894d4e09&tid=9784512&pid=-641671085

436px-Aragon_Arms-crown
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=712ef6a9-c152-4517-a8e1-ef46be5f33e7&tid=9784512&pid=-641671085

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Voorouders (en nakomelingen) van Jaime I 'el Conquistador' de Aragón

Ramón Berenguer 'Alfonso el Casto' de Aragón
1157-1195

Sancha de Castilla
1155-1208

Guilhèm VIII de Montpelhièr
± 1158-1202

Евдокия (Eudokia) Комнина (Komnene)
± 1168-± 1202

Pedro II 'el Católico' de Aragón
± 1176-± 1213

Marie de Montpellier
± 1180-1213

Jaime I 'el Conquistador' de Aragón
1208-1276

± 1235

Jolán Árpád-házi
± 1215-± 1251



					Isabel de Aragón ± 1243-1271

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Doopdag 30 juli 1992

De temperatuur op 30 juli 1992 lag tussen 11,2 °C en 26,3 °C en was gemiddeld 19,3 °C. Er was 8,6 uur zonneschijn (55%). Het was half bewolkt. De gemiddelde windsnelheid was 2 Bft (zwakke wind) en kwam overheersend uit het noorden. Bron: KNMI
Koningin Beatrix (Huis van Oranje-Nassau) was van 30 april 1980 tot 30 april 2013 vorst van Nederland (ook wel Koninkrijk der Nederlanden genoemd)
Van dinsdag 7 november 1989 tot maandag 22 augustus 1994 was er in Nederland het kabinet Lubbers III met als eerste minister Drs. R.F.M. Lubbers (CDA).
In het jaar 1992: Bron: Wikipedia
- Nederland had zo'n 15,1 miljoen inwoners.
- 16 februari » Zeker dertig mensen worden gedood en meer dan honderd raken gewond, als soldaten het vuur openen op een door priesters geleide vredesmars in de Zaïrese hoofdstad Kinshasa.
- 20 februari » Schaatser Bart Veldkamp rijdt tijdens de Olympische winterspelen in Albertville naar goud op de 10.000 meter. Het is voor die editie de enige gouden medaille voor Nederland.
- 20 april » De Spaanse koning Juan Carlos opent de wereldtentoonstelling Expo '92 in Sevilla.
- 31 mei » Heiligverklaring van Claude de la Colombière (1641-1682), Frans jezuïet.
- 4 oktober » Na meer dan twee jaar van moeizame onderhandelingen ondertekenen president Joaquim Chissano van Mozambique en Afonso Dhlakama, leider van de rebellenbeweging Renamo, in Rome een vredesakkoord dat een einde moet maken aan een bloedige burgeroorlog die zestien jaar heeft geduurd.
- 1 november » Bij een aanslag op een toeristenbus met christelijke Egyptenaren in de buurt van de Zuid-Egyptische stad Dayrut raken tien inzittenden gewond.

Dag van overlijden 27 juli 1276

Graaf Floris V (Hollands Huis) was van 1256 tot 1296 vorst van Nederland (ook wel Graafschap Holland genoemd)

Dezelfde geboorte/sterftedag

Ook overleden op 27 juli

Bron: Wikipedia

1233 » Ferrand van Portugal (45), echtgenoot van de Vlaamse gravin Johanna van Constantinopel
1276 » Jacobus I, koning van Aragon
1365 » Rudolf IV van Oostenrijk (25), aartshertog van Oostenrijk
1510 » Giovanni Sforza (44), Italiaans edelman
1787 » Christoffel Pullmann (28), Duits huursoldaat die omgekomen is tijdens zijn wacht bij Paleis Soestdijk.
1841 » Michail Lermontov (26), Russisch schrijver

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